Eusebius - History of the First Church Term Paper

Eusebius - History of the First Church - Term Paper Example Nothing is known of the parents of Eusebius, though, it is clear from his works that he must have received an extensive education in philosophy, biblical and theological sciences. He was greatly admired and cherished as a man and regarded as one who was very influential over his colleagues. At one time he was Presbyter of the Church, though it is difficult to narrow down an exact date for this. Eusebius was born C. 260 and lived through May of 339. He was baptized and ordained at Caesarea where Pamphilus gave him the name ‘Eusebius Pamphili’, meaning â€Å"son or servant of Pamphilus† (Eusebius Of Caesarea). It is possible that Eusebius was imprisoned for some time by Roman authorities as he was taunted years later for having escaped through some acts of submission though this is verified. He began to write the Ecclesiastical History during the Roman prosecutions and it was revised several times between 312 and 324. He described this work as a full and complete documented history of the Christian Church in which he used many paraphrasing and quotes from outside sources. This allowed earlier portions of work to be preserved which adds significant historical value. Eusebius’ role in the doctrinal debates and disputes within the Catholic Church during the fourth century included issues regarding the nature of Jesus Christ, enquiring as to the possibility that he had always existed in some form prior to human. Eusebius knew nothing of the Western Church and his strength was not in being a historian. Eusebius became the Bishop of Caesarea in 313 and in 318 became involved in controversy stemming from the views of a Priest from Alexander who taught subordination of the son to the father, and Eusebius, accordingly, soon became a leading supporter of Arius. Eusebius’ style was one that â€Å"weaved short entries into a broader scheme† (Ferguson), though some considered

Contraception Mandate in ACA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contraception Mandate in ACA - Essay Example The policy takes the form of strict guidelines to be observed in relation to the preventive health services that are to be covered mandatorily in the health insurance schemes, while providing the fines for those who fail to adhere to the policy (Friedman, 2014). The major conflict in this policy issue is that; there is a possibility of unending court battles between the federal government and the faith based institutions, which will not relent on their fight against the requirement to cover for the contraceptive and unintended pregnancy prevention or termination costs (Bassett, 2013). Further, there is a possibility of the rise of conflict between the federal government and other employers, who may not easily agree to cover the expenses that some employers, such as the faith-based institutions, are exempted (Tate, 2012). The structures and strategies I seek to explore is how a truce can be reached between the federal government and the employers, to ensure that all the employees are equally covered for all preventive health risks, while also ensuring that the faith-based doctrines and the religious principles held by different religions are not violated. Thus, the study will seek to establish what structures can be applied towards ensuring that the law stipulated is observed, while that the institutions that seek to be exempted are exempted. The personal interest in his issue emanates from the fact that I fall in both the employee category so would want to be afforded the equal health services, while still being a faith-based individual, and thus would like to see the religious principles remain un-violated. Bassett, L. (April 5, 2013). Contraception Mandate Likely Headed To Supreme Court, Experts Say. The Huffington Post.

The case study will be send by file .pdf Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The will be send by file .pdf - Case Study Example Offering the employees with low food cost menu which are also known as â€Å"freebies† during their shifts can help to deter these employees from eating higher food cost items. Not using Consistent Portion Control- For keeping the business profitable, portions should be controlled with, consistent storage sizes, calibrated food scales and correct sized serving utensils Wasting Food- Utilizing maximum quantity of food can help to decrease food cost percentage. For example beef trimmings from the tenderloins can be purposefully used into satay beef tips, which can be sold as moderate entry special. Buying Food for Home- Using food from the kitchen restaurant instead from the grocery store on a regular basis will skew food costs and profits. Bulk pricing helps to use food for a personal use and also pay it back. Poor Staff Education- employees who burn food, does not practice portion control or rotating food according to first in first out basis will definitely increase the food cost percentage. Poor Bookkeeping- food suppliers often make mistakes on invoice like charging double of the amount , not reflecting the payments made or delivering the food that is listed on invoice. Weekly food orders should be checked to ensure all of it is accounted for and also matches the invoice. Copies of all the payments made and invoices should be properly stored in case of any disputes. Using only one Food Vendor- Prices offered by different vendors should be compared and asked for a match. 2. Do you think that the beverage cost percentage might be rising or falling? Why? The beverage cost percentage will rise because it is directly proportional to the cost percentage of food which is also rising. 3. What issues might Jack be discovering with the inventory levels in the central stores and Preparation kitchen stores? Inventory control is an important way to ensure that the appropriate products are available when required and to control cost. Two types of inventory methods are required: Perpetual inventory- It is a continuous record of the purchases and deliveries and issues of food supply. A system involving the use of computer program needs to be in place to ensure that a perpetual inventory is maintained. Physical inventory- It is an actual physical count of the product in hand that is done on a periodic basis usually monthly. Physical inventory helps to verify perpetual inventory. Someone else who maintains the perpetual inventory does not maintain the physical inventory. Jack might have faced the following problem with the inventory levels in the central stores and preparation kitchen stores: Central stores do not compare the changes in the beginning and ending inventory to net purchases, issues and write offs because the inventory management system is not programmed to generate reliable reports of the total purchases from the vendors. The systems also do not generate any report of the total issues to the departments which needs to be reconciled with the ending inventory. There is also no evidence of the fact that the comptrollers has verified that the accounting records match with the annual purchases and issues because summary of the general ledger reports that account for storeroom inventory issues are not generated by the accounting system. The ending inventory also do not account for the city wide purchase order. The accounting syste

Standard, Ethics and Copyright Investigation Essay

Standard, Ethics and Copyright Investigation - Essay Example The ISTE defined standards seem totally aligned with this old saying. According to the standards, the teachers are expected to use their subject knowledge to inspire the students for learning. Their task is to inculcate critical thinking in their students in order to make them observe, understand and solve real world problems. The teachers should work as facilitators and should guide the students throughout as supervisors, mentors or learning participant. The assessment is an integral part of learning. The results always encourage good students to move forward and keep up their pace. To assess the student correctly in a qualitative manner is the most difficult task for a teacher. The ISTE expects a teacher to get engaged in the Designing of Assessment procedure using the tools of digital age. The teachers are not only expected to deliver to the students but they are also expected to continuously engage in self improvement. Administrators are expected to create and support an environm ent and culture that supports digital learning. Ning is a social network for the promotion of Digital Learning. It provides the ISTE members mean to get connected for the cause and to share the knowledge round the year. Topic Two: NETS-S (National Educational Technology Standards for Students) Students are the main product of ISTE. They are expected to exhibit innovative and critical thinking, to show team work, to use the digital media effectively for learning, and to demonstrate the conceptual knowledge of the technology. NETS.T comprises of the standards of teaching that are expected to be complied by the teachers under ISTE. Topic Three: Ohio Technology Standards According to the Seven Standards The teachers are expected to understand the learning capacity of students and the difference of caliber must be considered positively. Teachers are expected to have a complete grip on the subject they are responsible to teach. Teachers must ensure that the students they are teaching are learning. this should be done through deploying the assessment mechanisms. Lectures must be planned and effective. Teachers are expected to create and promote appealing learning environment. Teachers are expected to have good communication of students’ learning with the related entities like Administrators and Parents etc. Teacher must adhere to their own professional growth practices. These standards are not difficult to be followed. Both the standards that are ISTE and Ohio seem equally good. Ohio seems more organized. Topic Four: Ohio ETech Office and Programs Ohio ETech Conference is a massive conjecture of over 6500 technology innovators that gather once in a year. The year 2012’s conference is expected to be held from 13-15 Feb 2012. This conference is conducted in Ohio only once in a year. It is the opportunity for technology innovators and enthusiasts to present their ideas and innovations in front of their peers. E Tech offers a number of distant learning and other technology based and technology related courses. These include telecommunity and mathematics just to name a few. Local education agencies are the sources of money/grants for etech from Ohio teachers. Topic five: Ethics or Netiquette AUP acceptable Use Policy. AUP is like a code of conduct that has been set for students. It is a law constructed to guide students so as to enable them to be aware of what actions can they perform over the internet and what actions they cannot. It specifically consists of a definition, a policy statement, an acceptable use section, an unacceptable use section and a sanctions’ sections. As the names of its parts suggest it also contains the sanctions that can be promulgated if violations of its conducts occur. Online safety for students is concerned with the fact that they should not reveal

Realism cannot challenge the received wisdom of the public, since Essay

Realism cannot challenge the received wisdom of the public, since spectators see nothing but their own flickering ideologies in - Essay Example In everyday life, people tend to interpret the images they see as per their own understanding of them, that may or may not be rational. Irrespective of whatever the reality is, people see nothing more than their individualistic beliefs and ideologies in all what is displayed on the screen as rightly depicted by Robert Stam. This paper aims at analyzing this conception. Ideology influenced interpretation of images: Images are all around us. They include both images that are made by us and reflect our perception and others, which are made by others and are displayed commercially as art for us to perceive. Image, as the name indicates, is a representation of some other entity. Thus, images stand for other things so as to reflect their intrinsic traits, without them having to appear before the public. This is same as the concept of symbolization, which forms a fundamental part of intercommunication between two or more individuals. Symbols let us communicate with one another in our daily lives. Thus, we can exchange concepts and the idea of an individual protrudes in the minds of all members of the society, though its acknowledgement varies from individual to individual. Symbols or images represent humanistic ideologies in the virtual world and act like delegates. In daily language, the word â€Å"I† is used to symbolize the self of all the individuals that communicate with one another. Likewise, one individual’s body-image in a picture symbolizes that individual not only for others but also for his/her own self. Ideology lays basis for the way people understand the world in which they live and their perception of the ideal life in the world (Christensen). Ideology surfaces as a result of its link with the communicative processes. â€Å"Ideology involves the reproduction of the existing relations of production (those activities by which a society guarantees its own survival)† (Ideology And The Image). Ideology serves as a restriction that tends to control people and limit them to specific places within the exchange and communicative processes. Ideology gains its definition from the way the collection of social relations is exchanged among the individuals. A society portrays its impression upon the whole world through the ideologies. Societies get acknowledged in the world through their images that are influenced by the underlying ideologies. The way ideologies represent us in the social circle limit our actions and behaviors. People’s actions have to necessarily comply with their ideologies so that there remains a consistency of views and impressions, and they are dealt with by the society accordingly. Ideologies limit the movement of people within certain limits both physically and mentally. Our social actions are depicted by the limited spaces that are defined by our ideologies to move in. Ideology allows people to form the basis of their beliefs and perceptions on them. We visualize images and interpret them as p er our own perception. The interconnection of image and ideology also lays basis for the relationship of consciousness and social existence. In the society that we live, every individual holds his/her own opinion that is significantly unique and different from the opinions of other people. This is evident from the large volume of debates on every subject that we happen to hear in our daily life. Every matter is so debatable that people do not easily approve legislation

Evaluating an Argument Essay Example for Free

Evaluating an Argument Essay In Gary Bauslaugh’s essay â€Å"Zero Tolerance†, there were five (5) arguments leading to the overall impact of the work. To begin with, Bauslaugh states, â€Å"The current trend for public officials to talk of â€Å"zero tolerance† has arisen because it seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. It seems to say ‘we are fed up and aren’t going to take it anymore. ’ It tells the world that our resolve, in the face of some problem, is absolute. † Second, he proceeds stating, â€Å"Unfortunately, unmitigated determination, as suggested by the idea of zero tolerance, can be real threat to justice. It is too vulnerable to abuse. It can be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and undiscriminating application of rules. Zero tolerance expresses a demand for immediate results. † Third, Bauslaugh stated, â€Å"Justice is complex and elusive; it requires insight and the delicate balancing of interests and principles; it is achieved only through thoughtful and fair processes. † Fourth, he stated, â€Å"Many thousands of Americans, mostly young people, are sitting in jails because of the zero tolerance policy in the so-called war on drugs. Most of these are not real criminals or hard-core drug users. Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive care if they are to have hope of being cured. The brutality of prison sentences will not help any of them, nor will it help make a better society for the rest of us. † And lastly, Bauslaugh stated, â€Å"Zero tolerance is not about protecting the public. It is about making politicians sound tough and it is about helping bureaucrats avoid difficult decisions. It is, indeed, a really bad idea, and we should no longer be fooled by it. † In analyzing the arguments stated above their standard forms come about as follows: Argument number 1: 1. The current trend for public officials to talk of â€Å"zero tolerance† has arisen 2. It seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. 3. It seems to say ‘we are fed up and aren’t going to take it anymore. ’ Therefore, it tells the world that the public officials’ resolve is absolute whenever faced with some problem Argument number 2: 1. Unmitigated determination is too vulnerable to abuse. 2. It can be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and undiscriminating application of rules. 3. Zero tolerance expresses a demand for immediate results. Therefore, unmitigated determination can be real threat to justice as suggested by the idea of zero tolerance. Argument number 3: 1. Justice requires insight and the delicate balancing of interests and principles. 2. It is achieved only through thoughtful and fair processes. Therefore, justice is complex and elusive. Argument number 4: 1. Many thousands of Americans, mostly young people, are sitting in jails because of the zero tolerance policy in the so-called war on drugs. 2. Most of these are not real criminals or hard-core drug users. 3. Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive care if they are to have hope of being cured. Therefore, the brutality of prison sentences will not help any of them, nor will it help make a better society for the rest of us. Argument number 5: 1. Zero tolerance is not about protecting the public. 2. It is about making politicians sound tough. 3. Iit is about helping bureaucrats avoid difficult decisions. Therefore, it is a really bad idea and we should no longer be fooled by it. (3) Evaluate the argument using Govier’s ARG In the first argument, the condition A does not pass for the first statement cannot be proven true with its present words alone. It is considered as a posteriori synthetic as the subject of the statement which is â€Å"trend† cannot be clearly defined by â€Å"arisen† alone. How can one prove that there is really a trend of â€Å"zero tolerance† among public officials? There must either be a testimony from the officials themselves or even a statement mentioning/hinting it as a common knowledge. Both the second and the third statement, however, passes as true as these are both a priori analytic proven by the defining zero tolerance to be â€Å"an expression of public frustration with the lack of justice in the world† and â€Å"a statement saying ‘ we are fed up ad aren’t going to take it anymore. ’† The R condition, on the other hand passes. Statements one to three have all the essential evidence to support G. Bauslaugh first introduces â€Å"zero tolerance† in the first statement, and then defines it with the succeeding two premises. These support how the public officials display an absolute resolve whenever faced with a problem. The G condition has failed in a minor scale for the statement could’ve been concluded in a better way. The author could’ve stated, â€Å"It tells the world whenever the public officials are faced with some problem their resolution is absolute. † The confusion of who the â€Å"our† were in the statement is cleared out. In the second argument, condition A passes for the premises have been proven true. The first statement is classified as a posteriori analytic and is proven true by â€Å"common knowledge†. Unmitigated or absolute determination as far as everybody knows is vulnerable to abuse. Concentrating that power like that will eventually corrupt the person and he/she may use it for personal will. The second statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by the â€Å"law of excluded middle†. The statement is neither true nor is it false. That makes it viable to pass for condition A. On the other hand, the third statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by â€Å"the law of identity†. â€Å"Zero tolerance† was defined as â€Å"something which demands immediate results†. Surely, a man without patience acts on whim to get the job done. All the while, the R condition fails for the evidences lack strength in supporting the conclusion. The first statement does not relate to the other two and clearly it cannot support the conclusion on its own. The following two statements on the other hand are linked but cannot provide the support for the current conclusion form. Subsequently, the G condition fails as well for the R failed. It wasn’t supported well enough by the premises. The third argument passes all the ARG condition. The first statement is proven true by the logic’s â€Å"law of identity† while the second statement is proven by â€Å"common knowledge†. It is known to people that justice can truly be achieved by the fairness of the court and justice is defined as balancing the interests and principles. Both statements are harmonized to give support to the conclusion; thus fulfilling the R condition and the G condition. Due to the variety of qualities needed to implement justice, it is proven to be complex and vague. In the fourth argument, the condition A fails in a great scale. All of the statements are a posteriori synthetic and can be proven only by testimony by the authority. The R condition passes if they are seen as a whole. Individually, they cannot support the conclusion. The inductive pattern contributes greatly into the developing the strong conclusion. The G condition passes as well. The R condition was structured well and has provided sufficient evidence to highlight the conclusion. In the last argument,the A condition passes for all the statements are proven by logic, more specifically the â€Å"law of excluded middle†. They are not considered true or false. Such premises are derived only from the author’s essay and do not have testimony from authority nor are they considered as common knowledge. Regardless, they are also speculated and are not proven to be fallacies. The R condition passes for the statements are constructed greatly. It pointed out how the zero tolerance is harmful to people then to about how this â€Å"makes politicians sound tough† and hoe they can use this to â€Å"avoid difficult decisions†. Truly, a magnificent inductive reasoning. The G condition passes on a minor note but it could’ve been constructed in a more precise way. It could go like, â€Å"Zero tolerance, with all the injustices laid down, truly is bad for us. We must avoid it! †

Proactive Network Defence Techniques in Security Attacks

Proactive Network Defence Techniques in Security Attacks 1. Introduction Network Security in the twenty-first century is one of the critical aspects for the effective management and protection of the enterprise data alongside its sustained operations (Stallings, 2007[1]). This is naturally because of the fact that the threat for network security has increased from passive attacks to active breach of the security through exploiting the vulnerabilities of the network and its set-up as argued by McClure et al, 2007[2]. This makes it clear that apart from the traditional security measures in and organization, it is essential to launch a pro-active approach to identify and prevent attacks on the network. In this report a critical review on the application of proactive network defence techniques to help identify and prevent security attacks to enable network defence is presented to the reader. 2. What is Proactive Network Defence? The proactive network defence strategy as opposed to the traditional network security differs mainly in its application within a given network. This is because of the fact that the proactive network defence strategy is predominantly involved in the process of analysing incoming communication and data transfer within the organization’s network to identify patterns for virus attack or security breach outside the purview of the virus definitions that are normally handled by anti-virus software used. This makes it clear that the application of the pro-active network defence strategy in an organization mainly focused on identifying and preventing new virus patterns, Trojan programs, etc., as opposed to handling the existing virus definitions (Todd and Johnson, 2001[3]). Todd and Johnson (2001) further argues that the network attacks by hackers and other unauthorised users is mainly through exploiting the vulnerabilities in the existing set-up of a network and the programs used for communication etc., This makes it clear that the use of the proactive network defence strategy is a key requirement to assess the communication infrastructure and the protocols used on a regular basis to identify potential vulnerabilities through constant analysis in order to help prevent malicious attacks exploiting such vulnerabilities (McClure et al, 2007). Some of the key proactive network defence strategies are discussed with examples in the subsequent sections of this report. The application of proactive network defence can be accomplished through implementing a set of applications that are targeted to perform network data analysis and performance analysis on the network as well as the computers connected to the network. This strategy will help feed the network security definitions with potential threats to the network thus enabling the organization to update the network security policies by an organization. Another critical factor associated with the network security and proactive defence approach is the increasing need for sustainability over disaster recovery for uninterrupted operations of the core business processes. This makes it clear that the implementation of proactive network defence strategies through continuously monitoring the network traffic will help achieve the desired level of network defence against external attacks. The level of threats faced by a network varies with the extent to which its vulnerabilities are visible to the hackers and the nature of the information being handled. 3. Event Correlation This is deemed to be one of the key elements of proactive network defence as the events leading to the security attack like a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack when analysed online can help prevent the attack rather than repair the damage post-recovery of the attack (Hariri et al, 2005[4]). This process is mainly the ability to use the proactive network defence system to analyse the network data and the events handled by an application as part of the network communication in order to identify patterns of unusual nature that can affect the network defence as argued by Todd and Johnson (2001). One of the key areas where event correlation online is necessary would be the ICMP attacks and the DoS attacks mentioned above. In these cases the major vulnerability of the network is the ability of the attacker to exploit the basic nature of the protocol architecture and logical conditions that lead to the handshake and subsequent communication between the parties involved. The spoofing and flooding attacks that exploit the network layer protocol communication vulnerabilities associated with the handshake process. The sequence of events that lead to the successful attack are mainly associated with the network switch or the hub failing to recognise the malicious user in the handshake process resulting in the transfer of data to the unauthorised user. The events correlation at the network level on the hub will help analyse the series of events in the handshake process raised by the unauthorised user just by identifying the level of communication ports dedicated to the channel for communication thus helping prevent such an attack at the network level. Apart from the case of spoofing and flooding at the network layer protocol attacks, the process of event correlation is one of the critical components of proactive network defence owing to the fact that the communication vulnerabilities is evident at all the communication layers of the TCP/IP model as well as the applications using them for communication as argued by Conway (2004) (2004)[5]. This is naturally because of the fact that the event correlation is one of the major elements that help identify new Trojan programs that have infiltrated the firewall. Once the events are recorded, a correlation either linear or non-linear would help identify potential threats to the network by identifying Vulnerabilities in the network The programs that have exploited such vulnerabilities The events leading to the threat Upon identifying the above, a network administrator can successfully prevent the attack by updating the security policies and virus definitions of the network’s anti-virus program. Another example for the case above will be the Pine e-mail program in UNIX and Linux Machines that generated temporary file a user was editing an e-mail message (Howard and Whittaker, 2005[6]). The event correlation process can help identify the sequence of events associated with the access of the temporary files by unauthorised users. The above example also justifies that the communication level security vulnerability is not the only issue but also the actual software application that is utilising the communication protocol (Conway, 2004). 4. Real-time Analysis and Event logging The process of real-time analysis is deemed to be one of the key aspects of proactive network defence. This is necessary because both the software application vulnerability and the network vulnerability. The real-time analysis as argued by Hariri et al (2005) is mainly performed as a listener service that is dedicated to capture the events as they occur whilst analysing them against the logged events from either a database-based application or the event logs that are generated by the operating system. This is the process that can help control the network attacks as the comparison with the historic events is one of the key aspects associated with identifying planned attacks on a network as argued by Hariri et al (2005). The use of the real-time analysis of the events along with using the existing set of events is indeed a memory rich and processor demanding process. Hence the implementation of this procedure across a wide network would require effective configuration of the available resources in order to optimize the network performance for running the enterprise applications. The implementation of the real-time analysis strategy as part of the proactive network defence is deemed to be an advanced level of security implementation purely due to the fact that the resources consumed and the nature of the requirement to prevent the slightest attack on the network. This makes it clear that the real-time analysis with correlation to the archive events in either the event logs or database is not an option for small and medium enterprises whilst the real-time analysis in itself is a powerful tool that can help fend the network attacks effectively in a proactive manner. One of the major areas where the real-time analysis is applicable is the case of spyware (Luo, 2006[7]). The case of spyware is predominantly dependant on the ability to mask the events and listen into the target computer/network without the knowledge of the user. The use of the real-time analysis of the events will help identify patterns that can be assessed in order to identify potential spyware that are running in the computer. The use of real-time analysis as part of the proactive network defence will also help identify critical issues associated with the network performance as the primary aim of attackers is the de-stabilise the network. The use of the real-time analysis to review the network performance will help prevent the infiltration of hackers through the use of listeners programs on the transport layer and network layer protocols either through opening an additional communication port or through flooding the communication ports with malicious handshake requests. Attacks like Tiny Fragment Attack which is targeted on the TCP protocol through exploiting the filtering rules of the protocol algorithm can be identified effectively using the real-time analysis. The use of appropriate conditions on identifying the filtering rules’ manipulation in the real-time analysis will help achieve the desired level of network defence whilst preventing the exploitation of the TCP protocol rules. Spyware related attacks that threaten the corporate environment heavily as argued by Lou (2006) can be identified and prevented effectively using the proactive network defence strategies. The real-time analysis strategy of proactive network defence will help accomplish the desired level of network defence whilst continuously analysing the data transferred across the network. 5. Access Control and Network Immunity The use of the access control and network immunity in a network defence strategy is one of the major areas where the network security can be maintained whilst preventing the unauthorised access to the network/network resources as argued by Hariri et al (2005). The proactive network defence strategy in an organization though event correlation and real-time analysis can be achieved effectively through enabling a robust access control policy across the network as argued by Conway (2004). This owing to the fact that the code hacking targeted on the TLS and SET protocols of the TCP/IOP protocol stack can be identified through analysis through the effective use of the access control policies as argued by Conway (2004). This is plausible by integrating the real-time analysis with the access control policies of the network thus providing the ability to handle exceptions and violations to the network access for a given user registered with the network. It is further critical to appreciate the fact that the major vulnerability within a network is the access control which when not implemented effectively will provide room for the registered users to exploit their network access rights. Role-Based Access control that is deemed to be a logical and proactive measure to prevent the malicious access to the information whilst enabling robust access control policy is one of the strategies that can help achieve proactive network defence. The combined use of the real-time analysis and the Role-Based Access Control methodology will help accomplish proactive network defence against external as well as internal attacks on the network. Application penetration as argued by Howard and Whittaker (2005) is one of the major areas where the network immunity strategy can help achieve proactive network defence against malicious attacks on the network. As the inherent weaknesses of the application when identified by the hacker to use for his/her benefit will result in the network being attacked from the core through the application, it is necessary to implement strategies like the aforementioned in order to enable reliable network security. This process is also evident in the case of throughput-based attacks on the communication protocols like the Blind-Throughput reduction attack which can be used by the attacker to reduce the amount of data transferred on purpose when using ICMP protocols. The use of the network immunity through real-time analysis and the use of access control strategies will help draft a better appreciation of the issue faced by the network and the cause for the performance reduction. This when identifie d can be integrated to the existing security policies of the network in order to prevent abuse of the vulnerabilities within the network. The case of through reduction attacks also accompany the threat of forcing the server computer to re-send the same message multiple times with reduction in the packet size owing to the inability of the destination to receive the packet. This strategy popularly known as the performance degradation attack by the hackers can have serious impact on the server performance due to the lack of the server to cater for more number of users can be identified through the use of proactive network defence strategies like real-time analysis and network immunity to ensure that the performance of the network as well as the computers connected to the network are not affected. The use of event correlation and real-time analysis strategies will help identify the critical issues associated with the communication port related attacks on server computers like the TCP port 80 attacks can be identified and prevented effectively. As the port 80 is one of the key communication ports for TCP protocol in external communication, the exploitation of this vulnerability will affect the overall performance of the server computer being attacked thus resulting in performance degradation. The use of the proactive monitoring methods for network defence can help overcome these issues by identifying patterns through running correlation (linear or non-linear) to prevent new attacks targeted on such communication ports. The HTTP protocol which is a critical element in the Web-based applications for electronic commerce is another key application layer protocol that is targeted by hackers on specific communication ports of the computers involved in the communication. 6. Applied Proactive Network Defence and Protocol Attacks’ countermeasures The countermeasures for protocol attacks specific to the vulnerability in each network communication protocols used for communication over the Internet are mainly reactive in nature. This is because of the fact that the countermeasures Port Randomization for Blind Connection Reset Attack etc., were set in place following an attack but not prevented through assessing the network communication architecture beforehand. In case of the use of the proactive network defence strategy, the key advantage is to use specific software algorithms to assess the existing network and perform a vulnerability check in order to identify the key areas where there will be potential external attacks. This approach will help prevent new attacks through enabling new virus definitions that handle exceptions raised through these attacks. The applied proactive network defence strategy is deemed to be a continuously evolving strategy that can help identify and handle vulnerabilities in the network as well as the applications used in the network. This makes it clear that the effective use of the applied proactive network defence strategies will help realize the desired network security at an on-going basis as opposed to the traditional countermeasures approach which is mainly reactive in nature. 7. Conclusion From the discussion presented above it is clear that the proactive network defence when applied across a given enterprise network will help achieve a dynamic network security management. However, the key element that must be appreciated is the fact that the network security must be enabled for the existing security threats using the security definitions and policies defined by the organization alongside the commercial software used for the network security. The continuous update of the virus definitions alongside the firewall configuration and security updates from the security software vendor is critical for the network security. The major advantage of the use of the proactive network defence strategy is the ability to identify patterns that may have been missed by the definitions from the security software vendor. The configuration of proactive network defence system to the security requirements specific to the organization’s network will help implement a layer of security o ver the otherwise reactive network security strategy. It is also critical to appreciate that the proactive network defence in an organization will help address not only the security related aspects of the network but provide a comprehensive support strategy by analysing the performance of the network and the server/nodes comprising the network. The applied proactive network defence strategy is thus a layer of security that can help effectively use the security software and network resources in an integrated fashion. Footnotes [1] Stallings, W. (2007), Cryptography and Network Security: 4th Edition, Prentice Hall [2] McClure, S.; Kurtz, G.; and Scambray, J. (2005), Hacking Exposed – 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill [3] Todd, C. and Johnson, N. L. (2001), Hack Proofing Windows 2000 Server Security, Syngress Publishing [4] Hariri, S.; Guangzhi Qu; Modukuri, R.; Huoping Chen and Yousif, M.; (2005), Quality-of-protection (QoP)-an online monitoring and self-protection mechanism, Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on Volume 23, Issue 10 [5] Conway, R. (2004), Code Hacking : A Developers Guide to Network Security, Charles River Media [6] Howard, M. and Whittaker, J. A. (2005), Application Penetration Testing, IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY, 1540-7993/05/$20.00 [7] Luo, X. (2006), A Holistic Approach for Managing Spyware, E D P A C S, VOL. XXXIII, NO. 11