Probation Parole And Probation Case Essay - 1348 Words

History of Parole and Probation Jindarat Innuan Student #0913685 CCJ 1020 Hillsborough Community College Prof. Leonardo Cadogan November 26th, 2014 The purpose of this research paper is to discuss about Parole and Probation in America. The paper is going to focus on the past, present and future of parole and probation. This paper includes discussion of Parole and Probation Officers, as well as why some states so longer utilize parole, including Florida. This paper will also include personal input about the topic. History of Parole and Probation in America Probation is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States. It s defined as placing the offender under the control, supervision, and care of the probation officer as long as the probationer meets certain standards of conduct (Criminal Justice Degree Hub, n.d.). John Augustus were known as â€Å"Father of Probation. He released an adult drunkard into his custody rather than sending him to prison. Later on, he convinced the court to release more offenders to his supervision including children who had been accused of stealing. By 1846, about thirty children were under his supervision, and eleven hundred persons were bailed both male and female by Augustus (American Probation and Parole Association). Parole is the part of the general 19th-century trend in criminology from punishment to reformation. Alexander Maconochie developed the early parole system. He was in charge of the EnglishShow MoreRelatedProbation Parole And Parole Case1367 Words   |  6 Pages Approximately 1 in 51 adults in the United States was under community supervision at yearend 2013, the lowest rate observed since 1996 (Herberman Bonczar, 2014, p.1). Probation/parole supervision also known as community supervision, helps individuals (ex-criminals) acclimate back in their community. Probation is used when a judge chooses to let the offender serve his sentence under officer supervision in the community, rather than in prison. It is usually given to individuals that have committedRead MoreEssay on The advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole1175 Words   |  5 Pagesdisadvantages of probation and parole What is probation? Probation is a court order sentencing that consist of the defendant to either serve or complete the remaining sentence of imprisonment in a supervised community. The defendant that’s assigned to completing a probation sentence will be under supervision of an officer of the court; which are referred to as a Probation Officer. Probation is one of the most common criminal sentencing processes in the United States. A probation sentence generallyRead MoreProbation And Parole1305 Words   |  6 Pagesof probation and parole influences the decisions that are made in the Adult Court System toward the supervision of adult offenders by considering community corrections and involve supervision in the community. In the criminal justice system, there are many individuals locked up in local, state, and federal institutions. John Augustus probation bears much resemblance to probation as it is practiced today. He took great care in deciding which prisoners were promising candidates for probation. HeRead MoreEffective Supervision Requires Establishing Different Levels Of Supervision1747 Words   |  7 Pages(Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). A caseload is the number of individuals that one probation or parole officer is responsible for and can supervise effectively (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). The number of people that one officer can supervise varies from state to state (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). The more intensive the supervision is the lower the officer’s caseload (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). In Georgia, probation and parole caseloads are classified under two risk levels of supervision---standard andRead MoreProbation And Parole Is An Important Part Of Our Society1064 Words   |  5 Pagesindicated in 2012, approximately 1 in every 35 adults in the United States was on probation or parole or incarcerated in prison or jail. Probation and parole are an important part of our society and most people know at least one person who is either on probation or parole. There are drastic differences between probation and parole. Probation refers to offenders who are on supervision through a probation agency. Probation is ruled by the courts and is generally given as a sentence instead of incarcerationRead MoreThe Issue Of Criminal Law1495 Words   |  6 Pagesdetails and the reason that why we need to have some criminal law or laws and why there are so many different laws for different kind of criminals? Probation: Probation is chance to live in your own community by obeying some rules we will discuss what is the history of probation and what kind of importance does it have for society The job for probation and parole officers: It describes what kind of job do these officers have and what rules and responsibilities they have to follow. Criminal Law: I haveRead MoreJuvenile Probation And Parole As The General Topic And It Will Go Into Future1194 Words   |  5 Pagesfocus on Recidivism in correctional probation and parole as the general topic and it will go into future detail for this research paper. Correctional probation and parole institutions struggle with offender recidivism. Which is why this topic will help these institutions in the criminal justice field to become aware of what methods can help reduce offender relapse. The intention of this topic is to elaborate with further information for the Probation and parole agency that will be used during an internshipRead MoreJuvenile Corrections Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagesis meant by shock probation? What are different types of shock probation? What are some major differences among them? Shock probation is an intermediate probation where the offenders are initially assigned to secure confinement, but are later removed from detention and sentenced to serve the remainder of their sentence on probation. The term â€Å"shock probation† was given by Ohio authorities in 1964. Shock probation is also known as shock parole where you go from jail to probation. The different typesRead MoreCommunity Supervision of Law Violators vs. Incarceration Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagescould put them on probation so we don’t overfill prisons? 49% of convicted inmates committed a nonviolent crime. (Class 12/7/09) If we were to put nonviolent offenders on probation then that would make a lot of room for violent offenders. Cost effectiveness is an example of how community corrections have more of a positive effect on the community. One benefit of probation and parole is that is has a much lower cost. It costs roughly $1,300 per person a year for probation or parole. Having a personRead MoreCorrectional Facilities and Environments1166 Words   |  5 Pagesare normally placed on probation rather than being sent to prison. In other cases, convicted criminals who have served their jail terms are usually released on parole. In addition to meeting other requirements, criminals are required to stay out of trouble during parole and probation periods. In order to prevent offenders from committing new offenses; probation, parole, and correctional treatments officers and specialists are involved in supervision of these criminals. Probation officers are involved

Unemployment Of The Australian Economy - 1077 Words

In the Australian economy, trending unemployment rates are a prevailing socio-economic issue. With the labour market central to unemployment and the distribution of jobs, many factors arise as the key influences on unemployment. With an incredible number of industries facing high demand by consumers, it is speculated that employment would feature an increase to compensate. However, many factors of the labour market contradict this and instead increase unemployment. Factors such as the level of economic growth, technological changes, trends in productivity and the trends in inadequate education have adverse effects on how unemployment increases and decreases. Unemployment Overview Unemployment in the Australian economy is defined as the state of involuntary idleness of work, and the rate of such. An extremely complex, it is often segregated into four key demographics for analysis: national, state, youth and mature. Each of these four demographics feature varying trends and are consistently affected by different factors of the labour market. Causes of Unemployment The trend in unemployment within the Australian economy has swayed significantly in the past 30 years. As of current, the national unemployment rate has been established at 5.8%, after an unexpected downturn from 6% in February of 2016 (â€Å"Australia Unemployment Rate | 1978-2016). Over the past 30 years, the trend of national unemployment has been a downward drop, steadily moving from an approximate 8.2% in 1976 toShow MoreRelatedYouth Unemployment And Its Impact On The Australian Youth Economy Essay1256 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Youth unemployment has been a constant problem in Australia for decades. In Treasurer Scott Morrison and the Coalition’s 2016-17 budget, a new plan focusing on helping young people join the workforce aims to drastically lower the youth unemployment rate over the next few years: the ‘Youth Jobs PaTH Program’. The $752 million dollar program aims to help up to 120,000 vulnerable young people over the next four years (Budget 2016-17, Queensland Government). However, there is a concernRead MoreUnemployment And The Unemployment Rate1368 Words   |  6 PagesUnemployment happens when individuals are without work and effectively looking for work. The unemployment rate is a predominance s measure of unemployment and it is figured as a rate by separating the quantity of unemployed people by all people right now in the work power. During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences a relatively high unemployment rate. Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including cyclical or Keynesian unemploymentRead MorePotential Solutions For High Youth Unemployment1005 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion How can the high levels of What are potential solutions for high youth unemployment in Australia be solved, and what are its implications on inequality for young Australians? I. Introduction High levels of unemployment have many negative effects, including rising inequality, which is a major issue in developed economies such as Australia (REF). Income, and wealth inequality are the two main types of inequality examined in economics. Income Distribution Income distribution refers to howRead MoreAustralia and the Great Depression1704 Words   |  7 Pageslook at why Australia lead the world into Depression in the late 1920s and why it suffered from its effects for so long. A depression is defined as A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 1 During a depression money becomes limited which in turn leads to businesses going bankrupt and causing workers to lose their jobs. This usually leads to a downward spiral that can continue for some timeRead MoreBusiness Cycle1566 Words   |  7 Pagescycle played an important role to show what a national economy is going; therefore, this essay will define what business cycle is and its characteristics. Besides, all of variables such as Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP), inflation and unemployment rate and their behaviour in the business cycle will be also demonstrated in the second part. The final part of this essay will analyse and compare the situation of Australian economy and USA economy in period of 10 years since 1998 based on the conceptRead MoreInvestigative Report On Labour Market Trends1690 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Unemployment? The workforce is separated into two sections, the employed and the unemployed. An individual is defined as being employed if they work for one or more hour each week. An individual is defined as unemployed if they are currently available for work, currently searching for work and are unable to find it. As a result of an individual being unemployed, labour resources are not being utilised to their full potential in an economy. Nature, Causes and Effects of Unemployment UnemploymentRead MoreThe Unemployed Group in Australia1731 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The study demonstrates the additional learning of the subject related to the Australian society and the changing dynamics of the world. The study analyzes the unemployment in Australia and the pertinent social policies with complete description and analysis of the policy. The post welfare state is a lot more concerned on the improvement of infrastructure, reducing the public sector and taking the control away from the state socially as well as economically, which allows a much betterRead MoreAustralia And Australia s Optimum Population Level1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe argument surrounding the unemployment rate in Australia, in relevance to Australia’s optimum population level, has been often heavily debated; whether Australia has reached its optimum population remains particularly contestable. However the real issue for Australia has been in regards to the Labour force. Job availability has steeply declined over the last decade which has prompted the government to increase the migration intake, through the skilled migrants system, to provide companies andRead MoreThe Australian Government’s Implementation of the Economic Stimulus Plan746 Words   |  3 Pagescompetitiveness and income inequality. Inflation is measured in Australia by the Consumer Price Index (CPI); the CPI outlines the movement in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are weighted according to their importance for the average Australian household. The annual rate of inflation is measured by the percentage change in the CPI over a period of a year, highlighted in Figure 3.1 . Recent Trends in Inflation Australia’s most significant macroeconomic achievement of recent yearsRead MoreAustralia s Current Economic Growth1390 Words   |  6 Pagesand services purchased by households in the nation. Another economic issue is that of unemployment, which consists of situation where individuals desire to work, but are unable to find a job, and as such, labour resources within the economy are underutilised. A person is classified as unemployed if they are aged 15 years or older, and are actively seeking work however unable to obtain it. The rate of unemployment is currently at 5.7% (May 2016). The use of macroeconomic policy has assisted Australia

Conflicts Between Liberty Equality in Pre-Civil War America

The conflicts between liberty and equality in America have ranged between minor disagreements to full-out war. The most obvious contingent in the struggle between liberty and equality is slavery, but there was also friction in the women’s suffrage movement and various other attempts to provide equal rights under the law. While slavery in the United States always had its opponents, it wasn’t until 1787 that these detractors started to cause real obstacles for slave owners. During the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, one of the issues raised was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation in the United States Congress or considered property not entitled to representation. In a head-to-head†¦show more content†¦This compromise did not sit well with the slave states of the South nor the free states of the North. Representatives from both pro-slavery and free states rushed to the new territories with the intention of voting on the slavery issue. Slavery won in the election of 1855, but the vote was fraudulent because of these non-resident voters. Fighting broke out among the opposing sides in 1856 and the famous beating of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks on the Senate floor also occurred. These events would become known as â€Å"Bleeding Kansa s†. In 1857, a Missouri slave named Dred Scott sued his owners for his freedom. His argument was that, since his former owners took him to live with them in Free Territories of Wisconsin, he was therefore free. The Dred Scott Decision gave abolition a black eye. The Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that Dred Scott remained a slave because blacks were not citizens and had no citizenship rights, including the right to file a suit in court. The Court also ruled that Congress had the right to ban slavery anywhere. This nullified the Missouri Compromise, even though the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 had repealed it. The Dred Scott Decision angered the North and gave the slave states of the South validation. The abolitionists feared that the Decision would allow for slavery to expand into additional territories and, once again, showed that slavery was a national issue, not just a problem for the South. Not all attempts at conflict wereShow MoreRelatedPolitical Change : The American And French Revolutions And The Civil Rights Movement968 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant disruption such as a social movement or revolution. If the citizens of a country feel that they are being treated unjustly by their rulers, and the rulers think that their ways of governing are satisfactory then a discord is struck and conflict arises between them (Study blue). The main causes of this discord are mostly social issues such as hunger, racism, climate change etc. and/or economic issues like unemployment, poverty, inflation (Study blue). The people frustrated by these social and economicRead MoreCivil War Origins and Legacy2553 Words   |  11 PagesRunning Head: Civil War Origins and Legacy Civil War Origins and Legacy University of Phoenix Hist/110 August 25, 2008 Origins and Legacy of the Civil War Perhaps the greatest war in American History, the Civil War is unique because of the fact that it was the only war fought on American soil. The American Civil War’s origins were brought forth by complex issues dealing with slavery, expansionism, sectionalism, and political party politics. However the Civil War was mainly devisedRead MoreThe United States History1568 Words   |  7 Pagesfact that than Africans themselves had slaves (although theirs were prisoners of war) ,except one major difference was that a slave was still somewhat free as he or she could have their own slaves and even earn their freedom. 12.5million went through the slave trade and 10.7 survived. The very first african americans were brought over to jamestown but as indentured servants. The status of Africans in colonial America underwent a rapid evolution after 1619. One early judicial decision signaled theRead More Political, Industrial, Military Powers of Industrial Revolution1089 Words   |  5 Pagespower, military power, and political power were changing dramatically from that of the pre-industrial ages. New classes formed to make the political system more intricate than anyone had ever seen before. Industrial power was becoming more technologically advanced which lead to large amounts of materials produced by industry. Advancements in military tactics and weaponry also paved the way for battles between countries to become world powers. In the late 1700s the cottage industryRead MoreHistory 1511894 Words   |  8 PagesFugitive Slave Law led to many conflicts between Northern abolitionists and Southern slave owners in the 1850s, the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War at the start of the next decade essentially rendered the law meaningless. Yes the majority always Rule When the U.S. Civil War began in 1861, the states in the North who claimed to be beholden to a higher law simply ignored the Fugitive Slave Law. They legally justified this response by claiming that since they were at war with the South, the fugitive slavesRead MoreThe Rights And Civil Liberties2009 Words   |  9 PagesEach and every citizen of the United States is automatically granted civil rights and civil liberties. With that being said, every individual is given equal protection under the law and their rights are protected by the Bill of Rights. The First Amendment, one of the major amendments in the Constitution, greatly affects the public in a way that each person is able to express themselves in a certain way. It states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibitingRead MoreThe West Human Rights1445 Words   |  6 Pagessovereignty belongs to the ruler broke off and was replaced by the new mindset that the nation is rooted in people. It was John Locke (1632-1704) who first set rights on the political agenda. He asserted that every man has the right â€Å"to preserve his life, liberty and estate† (Locke, 1962, p. 87). This ideal was later echoed and embodied in the American Declaration of Independence (1776) and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789). Rights were believed to be given by the Creator toRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War2031 Words   |  9 Pagesgovernment. Radical change in government was what started infamous wars such, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. But, probably one of the most influential events that ch anged the United States was the Vietnam War that lasted roughly twenty years (1955-1975). The Vietnam War, also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Khà ¡ng chiá º ¿n chá »â€˜ng Má » ¹) or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The Cold War’s communistRead MoreMotives for English Imperialism1916 Words   |  8 Pagesproducts to other countries, natural resources and land. After the Revolutionary War, the government met these requirements by meeting these demands by providing European factories and markets the materials they needed to manufacture products. This allowed imperial merchants to establish trading posts and warehouses, created transportation among these colonies. However, this new trading opportunity also created conflict among the colonies. Imperial colonies often fought with each other over the bestRead MoreLast Week, Pbs Broadcast â€Å"Birth Of A Movement,† A Film 1435 Words   |  6 PagesLast week, PBS broadcast â€Å"Birth of a Movement,† a film about the battle between William Monroe Trotter, a firebrand African-American publisher born a few years after the end of the Civil War, and D. W. Griffith, the filmmaker responsible for the racist classic â€Å"Birth of a Nation.† Trotter, a contemporary of W. E. B. Du Bois, was a Boston native and graduate of Harvard University, and an uncompromising advocate for racial equality, if a bit of a loose cannon. Trotter’s contempt for the accommodationist

The Energy Requirements Of The World Essay - 2146 Words

Introduction The Energy requirements of the world are rising. Hence many parts of the world are facing crisis in terms of the shortage of energy. The viable solutions to this crisis are generation of more energy on one hand and the conservation of energy on the other. The countries throughout the world are exploring alternative and unconventional sources of energy. However, there is need for more sociological understanding of the consumerist culture of use of energy. The lack of respect for the existing sources of energy may lead to wastage and shortage of energy sources for the future. In fact the policy makers on the energy choices of the future cannot afford to overlook the symbiotic relation between society and environment. The consumerist culture of our times needs to be questioned and moulded according to the needs of the future, if the sustainability of energy sources has to be maintained. Necessity of energy Energy crisis The energy is the key input in economic growth and there is a close link between the availability of energy and future growth of a nation. As the energy consumption is the measure of development today and Energy is defined as the capacity to do work, it means no energy will mean no work. The global economy will always be dependent on energy as it always has been. Also, it is imperative that if the definition and direction of development continues on current lines, more and more energy will be required. The increased use of energyShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of The Energy Sector1537 Words   |  7 PagesMuch like other sectors, the energy sector is constantly faced with challenges. Companies and governments are constantly looking to sources to provide secure access to guarantee that demand is met. The World population is hovering around the 7 billion mark making the demand for secure access a critical challenge. This requires a long-term balancing solution while satisfying short-term needs. Researchers and other specialists monitor trends in the industry, as well as, rules and regulations setRead More3d Printing And Construction Of Construction Involving The 3d Construction And Printing Of Housing Units922 Words   |  4 Pagesinvolving the 3D construction/printing of housing units made or concrete. With the worlds population forecasted to exceed 9 billion people by the year 2050, this new practice needs to stop and will lead to unsustainable low density growth (Nations 2012). The encouragement of low density housing such as the ones being developed through 3D printed concrete has two key unsustainable aspects. The first being the amount of energy required to build with concrete. The second being the sociopolitical impactRead MoreInformative Essay About the Twin Towers Going Green1130 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay was written to inform people about the rebuilding of the World Trade Center, and its new standards for its new green technology. September 11th, 2001. This was one of the darkest days in all of American history. A terrorist attack on the U.S.A. that left so many horrified for the future. The event of 9-11 emphasizes how important it is for Americans to stand together, thus revealing that because of negative events, a positive future will soon follow. As previously known, the UnitedRead MoreThe Future Of Solar Energy1006 Words   |  5 Pagessustainable investment . With the necessities for diversified economies and youth bulges providing an eager labor force, there is certainly room for growth in the region. A study by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) shows that countries seriously involved with renewable energies can expect significant job creation. In Germany, for example, the numbers were 150,057 for direct employment and 120,533 for indirect . Coupled with the increasing openness of the societies and the politicalRead MoreUsing Matpower For Wholesale Power Management1518 Words   |  7 Pages Using MATPOWER for Wholesale Power Management Faizul Haque M.E (Eng MGMT) ENN590 – Project Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering (Coursework) Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology October 2015 Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude and appreciation to my Project Supervisor Dr Yateendra Mishra, Course Co-ordinator Dr Dhammika Jayalath and Mechanical Co-ordianator Dr Wijitha Senaeera for theirRead MoreSolar Panel For The Greenhouse Effect1459 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Energy is one of the issues that is causing the most controversy as fossil fuels are the greatest pollutants and the greatest contributors to the greenhouse effect .The increasing importance of environmental concern, fuel savings and unavailability of power has led to the renewal of interest in renewable energies. It therefore stands to reason that developing countries whose energy consumption rate is increasing at a very fast rate should be investigating new energy systems based on renewableRead MoreWind Energy Has Experienced A Positive Growth Globally1524 Words   |  7 PagesWind energy has experienced a positive growth globally as an alternative source of energy (Thresher Robinson, 2008). Also, it has been used for supplying the deficiency energy needed after the other forms of energy. Globally through innovation and invention, the wind energy has been used as a safe energy. It’s forecasted that the wind energy in the future will supply a significant amount of energy that is required globally. Through technological advancements, this growth of the wind energy is forecastedRead MoreConstruction Of The Hull Of An Lng / C1524 Words   |  7 Pagesstrength, elongation and impact energy tests are used. Figure 3, DNV Hull Structures Analysis according to IGC Code According to vessel’s specification (Appendix 1, Working Specification for GasLog 154,800 m3 LNG/C) in accordance with Vessel’s Classification Society requirements (ABS) and as an extension in accordance with DNV RoC requirements (Table C1 of Appendix 2, DNV RoC Part 5 Chapter 5 Liquefied Gas Carriers) that they are considered to meet the requirements of the IGC Code, NV E grade steelRead MoreNo Amount Of Monetary Resources : A Transition Away From Fossil Fuels, And Towards Renewable Energy Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pagesfuels, and towards renewable energy is required. To achieve this goal, deep and fundamental institutional changes are necessary. The main institutional obstacle that is blocking a transition to renewable energy is the oil sector. This sector is no small obstacle because it has deep pockets, and it is deeply enveloped in every developed country in the world. Per Muzio, natural gases make up an ever-increasing part of the world economy, and a staggering 41 percent of the energy sector [Source Muzio]. ThisRead MoreAdvantages Of Fossil Fuels998 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are fossil fuels? Fossil fuels are a type of gas that dominate the energy sources. Fossil fuels are one of the most used and they are starting to run out. They are mostly used due their low prices. They estimate that by the end of the 21st century fossil fuel nuclear What are fossil fuels? Fossil fuels are a type of gas that dominate the energy sources. Fossil fuels are one of the most used and they are starting to run out. They are mostly used due their low prices. They estimate that by the

Finance and Accounting for Managers

Question: Budgeting is more successful when folks can own and relate to the budget. When can budget become a tool for manipulation? Answer: Forewords It is essential to understand the components of the budget plan, as it plays the pivotal role in developing an effective budgeting. The major components cover the employees and knowledge to the methods and technology. It is important for an individual to develop a proper sense of how these components affect the overall operations and decision-making processes of the business to align and maintain the success (Masi et al. 2015). Therefore, budgeting process should need to be initiated by appropriately assessing the skills of employees and allocating their responsibilities in accordance with the requirements. Budgeting as a Tool for Manipulation The preliminary discussion suggests that budgeting provides guidelines to the business regarding developing planning, demonstrating, and controlling the major organizational functions. However, like the other processes, budgeting too has its dark sides. The unfavourable variances (shortfalls and losses) and unrealistic business goals are two amongst the vast number of examples. Based on the comparison between the budgeted figures and actual performance of the business, the managers are used to hold responsible based on their areas of accountabilities within the organization. The particular stage requires highlighting the variances in the proper manner (Seifert, Carlitz, and Mondo 2013). In the general context, the managers do not mind taking credit for the favourable variances. However, in the larger organizations, different scenarios suggest that a favourable variance might be the result of manipulating the budget in the first place in order to surpass the budgeted benchmarks easily. Deduction Based on the discussion, the emergence of unfavourable variances requires the careful interpretation. The managers, in this case, should need to hold responsible in case the budgeted goals and targets are fair and reasonable. In conclusion, the stern action should need to be implemented in the field of budgeting to determine adequately what went wrong and what requires due improvement. References Masi, S., Meulman, E.J., Aubaile, F., Krief, S., Todd, A. and Pouydebat, E., 2015. Food manipulation and processing in wild western gorillas of Central African Republic: implications for studying behavioural variability.Revue de primatologie, (6). Seifert, J., Carlitz, R. and Mondo, E., 2013. The Open Budget Index (OBI) as a comparative statistical tool.Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice,15(1), pp.87-101.

Such Risky Mortgages Considered Subprime â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Risky Mortgages Considered Subprime? Answer: Introducation The Big Short is a drama or comedy movie and it depicts the actual story of the financial crisis with the help of a number of male investors in finance world; they anticipated the housing bubble and credit in becoming filthy rich. During this period, the banks have started to fie bonds consisting of riskier mortgages. Such risky mortgages are considered as subprime mortgages due to which the housing market had popped up on such bad loans. This had been evident in terms of disappearance of $5 trillion related to pension money and value of real estate, $401,000 related to savings. Along with this, 8 million individuals had lost their jobs, while 6 million had lost their houses (Cheng, Raina and Xiong 2014). In this movie, it has been found that the banks had wrapped up along with selling the mortgages, since they had been solid investments. They had assumed that no loan default would take place on the loans provided in buying the houses. At the time of bundling of the bankers and selling of subprime mortgages, they had acted in accordance with their best interest. Thus, this could be adjudged as an ethical egoism, which is an action of increasing self-interest. In this case, acting greedy is good, instead of trying to be balanced or prevent anything (Lewis 2015). In order to prevent such credit crunch and housing bubble in US, it is necessary to depict the actual risk and return without the provision of any governmental support. This would reduce the pressure regarding the fickle regulators lacking ability to stop the growing bubble. This would help the investors and the American individuals to avoid over-excitement about the market. References: Cheng, I.H., Raina, S. and Xiong, W., 2014. Wall Street and the housing bubble.The American Economic Review,104(9), pp.2797-2829. Lewis, M., 2015.The big short: Inside the doomsday machine (movie tie-in). WW Norton Company.

Risk Hospitality Operation

Question : Discss about the Facility and Risk Hospitality Operation ? Answer : Introduction Risk is present everywhere in those places where the competition is present in the market. It has been seen that in last few years, the hotel industry is also in the influence of the risk. The hotel industry is also facing the down fall in terms of business because of recession in the economy of world. There are many factors such as terrorist attack and natural environmental risks, which affect the business operations of hotel industry. Risk is the important feature in the hospitality. There can be various risks while operating the business in the hospitality industry. In other words, it can be said that risk can be related to all the operating terms in the industry such as risk to human assets, and risk to financial assets (Kim, Lee, Ham, 2013). Figure 1: Various Risks (Source: Kim, Lee, Ham, 2013) Based on the research of different authors on the different catagories of risk, it is clear that there are various catagories of risk available in the hospitality industry. This report is basically focused on the notion of the risk associated with the hospitality industry. Along with this, the report will also focus on the venue risk analysis based on the previous assignment. For the venue risk analysis, the hotel Grand Roxy will be taken. Part 1 The notion of risk Risk can be described as the combination of the consequences with the expected events. Basically, there are consequences and hurdles that can be threats for the success of any industry. There are various risks that can take place in the hotel industries. There are many researches who gave different alternatives about the risk based on their readings and researches. For example, the finance researchers see the risk based on financial perspective; examine the risk in terms of profit and the sources of government focus on the risk based on safety point of view. Based on the various points of studies, the risk can be categorized in the different sectors. Basically, researchers have divided the risk into four categories i.e. risk to financial assets, risk to physical assets, risk to human assets and risk to non-physical assets (Carlino, 2014). Figure 2: Risks in Hotel Industry (Source: IDA, 2010) Risk to financial assets Financial assets are important for the business activities in the organization as they show the monetary value of the services provided by hospitality sector. Financial asset in the hospitality industry can be described as the cash which is given by the customers for the provided services in the hotel. Basically, financial assets are the kind of contractual right to receive the cash from another entity such as guest and the customers and the agreement to pay for the services used. From the definitions, it is clear that hospitality industry should have fair understanding of financial assets in the business. Risk in the financial assets can be theft, and fraud. Along with this, there can be multifarious risk such as foreign exchange rate, interest rate, and broken contracts. Profitability can also be an issue in the financial assets risk (Chan, Lam, 2013). Risk to physical asset Another category of risk is risk in physical asset. The physical asset in the hospitality industry includes vehicle, building and equipments, gardens and pools, fixtures furnishing and fittings, stock and documents, ride and games, and property of shareholders in the company such as member, guests and staff. Risk in this category can take place due to the various resources such as lack of training and mishandling of equipments. There can be theft and misuse of the things in this category. If there is unmanaged garden and premises, there will be the risk of damage to the people or other physical assets (Aven, 2012). Risk to human assets Human assets include the name of various shareholders with the hospitality industry. Basically, human assets include customers, guests, visitors, members, owners, sub-contractors, staff member, management and the members of the community in which the enterprise is operating. The human assets should be managed carefully by the hotels. The human asset need more care. The risk of human asset in the enterprise can be very costly to handle. Management of the hotel needs to work for long time to overcome from this risk. Along with this, during the recovery from this risk, there is the need to compensate by the management. To overcome from human assets risk, there can be large settlements, legal cost, and loss of business due to damage (Bharwani Mathews, 2012). Risk to non-physical assets The last category of risk is non-physical assets risk in the hospitality industry. As the name of this asset, these are intangible category assets so it is difficult to manage the non-physical assets. Management of the enterprise should focus on the different elements of the assets. Non-physical assets of the enterprise include workforce motivation, copyrights, computer programs, intellectual capital, brand name, brand image, patents, intellectual property, company reputation and customer relations. There are many managers who are unaware of non-physical asset in the enterprise. To protect the enterprise from this type of risk, it is important to create awareness about the risk among the managers. By creating the awareness, enterprise will be able to overcome from the damage of the risk (Herrero, Martin, 2012). Importance of risk management process in the hospitality industry It is clear from the above stated risk that it can be dangerous for every organization. There is the need to manage the risk effectively in the hospitality industry. It is necessary to identify the risk and then it must be evaluated by the management of the enterprise. Risk management is the important part of the strategic management in the organization. It is the process by which the enterprise identifies and addresses the risks with their outcomes (Mundt, 2008). The main aim of the risk management is to identify and treatment of the risk. The objective of the risk management is to maintain the sustainable value of the enterprise in the industry. Along with this, it is also helpful in increasing the profitability of the enterprise. The process of risk management must include effective policy and program. Step by step planning will be helpful to overcome from all the risks associated with the operations in the hotel industry (Grace, Leverty, Philips Shimpi, 2015). Figure 3: Risk Management Process (Source: Tang, 2006) In the above figure, the risk management process is described. Risk in the enterprise is discovered by the management, member or staff. Management then should evaluate the risk and make the decision to overcome form the risks. The management has to accept the risk and has to prevent the enterprise from those risks (Tang, 2006). Part 2 Risk ranking system To get the value and appreciation for the risk management system form all the stakeholders in the enterprise, the management has to take strategic decisions. In order to implement the successful risk management process in the organization, it is important to measure the range of risk (Rittichainuwat, 2013). By the measurement, management will be aware about the potential risk in the industry. According to Kohr, risk ranking is the crucial part in the risk management process and this can be divided into three parts. These three functional parts are interrelated and help to classify the risk based on the ranking (Israeli, 2007). Those functional areas are frequency, cost and severity. Along with this, there is the concept of Risk factor value in which the risk will be ranked based on the cases of accidents. In the risk ranking system, there are two types of ranking based on measurements i.e. reversed ranking and uninformative ranking. Reversed ranking includes those cases which have hi ghly rated risk and on the other hand uninformative ranking includes those cases in which all the small and big risks are associated and have severity ranking (Aven, 2009). Venue Risk Analysis (VRA) form There can be various risks in a hospitality industry such as operational risk, political risk, and market risk. To identify and analyze the risk in the industry is very important. In this report, the risk assessment will be done with the venue risk analysis form. For the discussion, hotel Grand Roxy will be taken. The venue risk analysis is focused on Grand Roxy receptionist that is situated in Brighton-Le-Sands near Sydeny International and Domestic Airports. Having the grand size, the hotel can serve about three hundred guests. In this report, all probable risk will be analyzed effectively. In terms of design, the location of Grand Roxy is the subject to criticism because the location of the hotel is near the beach which is the subject to additional cost of repairing. The Grand Roxy is used for various occasions, business parties and meetings. There can be various risks during the business meetings and occasions such as fire, electricity, fall from height, slip, strips and falls, l easers, smokes and fogs, glazing and mirrors, gas, High temperatures, and violence (DeMicco, 2007). First of all, the risk will be identified that are to be managed by the risk management system. After that the risk rating will be set in terms of numbers. The risk will be numbered on the basis of the frequency. The format of the risk rating is given below: Risk Rating Hazard (Severity) Value Risk (Likelihood) Negligible 1 Unlikely Slight 2 Possible Moderate 3 Quite Possible Severe 4 Likely Very Severe 5 Very Likely On the basis of this criterion, the risk will be numbered so that the most harmful risk can be identified. By the risk rating, the hotel will be able to overcome from those risks that affect the business operation in the industry (Kim, Farrish Schrier, 2013). The identified risk and the venue risk analysis form are described below: SIGNIFICANT HAZARDS IDENTIFIED PERSONS AT RISK RISK RATING CONTROL MEASURES Hazard x Risk = Risk Level Fire Staff and public may be at risk seriously, possibly serious burn, injuries from smoke breathing, structural crumple. 4 3 12 Management should constant check the equipments to make sure all controls in fire risk. Electricity Due to electric shock or burns public and staff may be suffered; injuries can be happened because of faulty electrical installation or equipments. 5 4 20 All the electrical equipments should by a component person in a planned inspection programme; staff should be trained to check the damaged cable, and to check defective equipment. Falls from heights Employees or staff members may suffer more, injuries if they fall from height, For instance, staff doing cleaning or maintenance, or fixing of lights, they may fall from ladders, there may be serious injury if they struck by the glasses during fall. 5 4 20 Ladders should b e suitable; daily inspected, and should be used for light work and for short duration. The work in the height should be done by the contractor or by trained staff. For the lighting work, authorized staff should be hired. Slip, strips and falls Staff and guest may suffer serious, can face serious injury such as fractures if they fall from the stairs. 3 2 6 All the carpet should be firmly secured, there should be good housekeeping, electric cables should be managed properly, and there should be proper lighting especially on stairs. Leasers There may be the risk of eye damage of staff and guests if they use it improperly. 4 3 12 This should not be used without proper permission and licensing. Smokes and fogs Employees may suffer from skin damage while handling dry ice. Fumes and fog can be the cause of irritation in eyes, nose and breathing. 4 3 12 Only trained worker should access those products, these products should be kept in safe and secured places such as locked containers. Glazing and mirrors Staff and guest may suffer from serious injury from impact of mirrors and windows that are not plain. 5 4 20 Marking should be done where the glass is evident, there should be no mirror where might be the risk of confusion. Gas Staff, employees and others have risk of injury from the fire if not properly maintained and used. 4 3 12 The boiler should be checked and serviced annually by a Gas safe registered engineer; staff should be trained for the rescue process. High Temperature Dehydration and fainting may be happened to staff and guests due to high temperature. 5 4 20 There should be proper ventilation for the supply of fresh air, there should be air conditioning in hot weather. Violence Staff and public may face serious risk and injury, if caught up in the fight. 4 5 20 Staff should be trained to stop the trouble makers, CCTV system should be placed properly, overcrowd should not allowed in the hotel. Hazard Value x Risk Value = Risk Level Ranking of Risk (Risk Level) 1 4 Low Risk 5 15 Medium Risk 16 - 25 High Risk In the above table, the level of risk can be measured. According to the risk rating, the risk which comes under the number of 1 to 4, that is low risk. Further, which risk comes under 5-15, that is medium risk and which risk comes under 16-25, that is high risk. Low risk means the risk can be acceptable, medium risk means the risk is acceptable with sufficient measure control in the place and high risk means the action must be taken on the highest priority to reduce the risk. Based on the above Value risk analysis form, it has been observed that in the Grand Roxy, the risk has been categorized according to the risk level. It can be seen that the risk of fire, Slip, strips and falls, Leasers, Smokes and fogs, Gas are the medium risks which are acceptable by some control. Electricity, Falls from heights, Violence, High Temperature, and Glazing and mirrors are high risk because they can be the cause of sudden death or can harm badly (Herrero Martin, 2012). Recommendations There are some recommendations to implement the risk management process and overcome from the risk in hotel industry. The recommendations are: Hotel should focus on their risk management process to deal with the risk of different catagories. There should be effective strategies to prevent from the risk. Industry should create the right culture for the employees. Right culture will motivate the employees to overcome from the risks. Along with this, company should clarify the roles and responsibilities of the employees so that they dont face risk in future. Company should recognize the limitation of risk assessments by identifying risk in the business. Conclusion This report has been discussed on the notion of the risk associated with the hospitality industry. Along with this, the report has been focusing on the venue risk analysis based on the previous assignment. From the above discussion, it has been analyzed that there are many factors such as terrorist attack and natural environmental risks, which affect the business operations of hotel industry. There are various risks that can take place in the hotel industries. So, risk can be divided into four categories i.e. risk to financial assets, risk to physical assets, risk to human assets and risk to non-physical assets. Thus, Management should evaluate the risk and make the decision to overcome form the risks. For the evaluation and assessment of the risk, the Value risk analysis form has been given in the report. There can be various risks during the business meetings and occasions such as fire, electricity, fall from height, slip, strips and falls, leasers, smokes and fogs, glazing and mir rors, gas, High temperatures, and violence. For the ranking of risk, the numbers to the risk has been given. The risk which comes under 1 to 4 is low risk. Further, which risk comes under 5-15, that is medium risk and which risk comes under 16-25, that is high risk. So, it is concluded that risk management is very important for the success of the hotel industry. References Aven T., (2012), The risk concept-historical and recent development trends, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, (99), 3344 Aven, T. (2009), Risk Analysis, Assessing Uncertainties Beyond Expected Values and Probabilities, England: Wiley Bharwani, S., Mathews, D., (2012), "Risk identification and analysis in the hospitality industry: Practitioners' perspectives from India", Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, Vol. 4(5), pp.410 427 Carlino, N., (2014), Owners/operators share their top technology needs, goals, Hotel Business, Tech Trends, pp. 18-26 DeMicco, (2007), To Be Secure or Not to Be: Isnt This the Question? A Critical Look at Hotels Network Security, International Journal of Hospitality Tourism Administration, 8(1), pp. 43-59 Chan, W., Lam, D., (2013), Hotel safety and security systems: Bridging the gap between managers and guests. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 202-216 Grace, M.F., Leverty, J. T., Philips, R. D. Shimpi, P., (2015), the value of investing in enterprise risk management, The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 82(2), pp. 289-316 Herrero, A. Martin, S. H. (2012), Effects of the risk sources and user involvement on ecommerce adoption: application to tourist services, Journal of Risk Research, 15(7), pp. 841-855 Herrero, A. Martin, S. H., (2012), Effects of the risk sources and user involvement on ecommerce adoption: application to tourist services: Journal of Risk Research, 15(7), pp. 841-855 Israeli A., (2007), Crisis-management practices in the restaurant industry: International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26: 807-823 Kim, H., Lee, D. Ham, S., (2013), Impact of hotel information security on system reliability, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, pp. 369-379 Kim, J. S., Farrish, J. Schrier, T., (2013), Hotel Information Technology Security: Do Hoteliers Understand the Risks?, International Journal of Hospitality Tourism Administration, 14, pp. 282-303 Mundt, A.P., (2008), Dynamic risk management with Markov decision process, Karlsruhe Rittichainuwat N.B., (2013), Tourists Perceived Risks Toward Overt Safety Measures. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, 37,199-213 Tang C., (2006), Perspectives in supply chain risk management, International Journal of Production Economics, 103, 451488

My Vagina Monologue Essays - Memory Blocks, Innocent Mind

The Violation- No child should ever have to experience the unnatural and sickening feelings of being physically and emotionally violated by any person, especially a loved one. I was still a baby, an innocent mind, a little two year old that worshiped her father. How could he do those awful things to me? This question along with others stayed with me forever and will always remain unanswered. I told my mother and the police the same thing over and over ?daddy did this to me? (gesturing the slap of my face), ?he did this to me? (grabbing my throat), ?and he did this to me? (touching my vagina). Although I can?t remember the details of the occurrences of molest and abuse, I can remember the feelings, it?s like it just happened. I still remember the room where it took place, and I remember the ugly pink hair brush he would hit me with that left horrible welts on my body. The abuse did more than hurt me, it affected me in several ways and it had a huge impact on the woman I grew to become. For example, I now suffer from memory blocks, and according to the psychologist, this is my brain trying to protect me from those detailed memories. I have lost memory of so many of the good moments in my life because of him and what he did to his only child. I am damaged. Never to be repaired, and I have carried the baggage with me throughout my life so far and I have allowed it to affect who I have become and the decisions I made thus far. This is where it all started. No Longer a Virgin- I guess I was always trying to find acceptance from boys, I tried to please them, hoping they would like me. At fourteen, I must have thought putting out would make that happen. I was never satisfied, I still felt empty. From one guy to the next, thinking something would change, but it never did. I felt worse because I was sleeping with different guys and in a cycle of letting myself be used repeatedly. I realized I was making a name for myself when Darius, this handsome older guy at my high school started writing me notes and seemed very interested. His letters were so sweet and he was extremely funny. He came over one day after school and immediately was expecting me to sleep with him. I turned him down, and he got very upset with me and left. He was fuming mad! I couldn?t believe this sweet guy was acting this way. The next day at school he wrote me this nasty note calling me a bitch and a tease because I gave it up to other guys but I wouldn?t for him. I was devastated, still fin ding nothing but disappointment in men, still only wanted for my vagina. Did I not have anything else to offer? Am I no more than my vagina? Rock Bottom- At sixteen, even though I didn?t recognize it at the time, I began to fall into a depression. My self-esteem was diminished, and I still earned for love and acceptance from men. I started drinking which only led me to more sex and subjecting myself to dangerous situations and much disappointment. I started dating Shawn, a really cute senior who seemed to like me very much. His friend was interested in meeting my girlfriend, so one Friday his friend rented a hotel room and my girlfriend and I went there to hang out. We consumed a large amount of alcohol, and I was extremely inebriated. When Shawn showed up to see me, he was disgusted by my drunken state and behavior and left me there. I was crushed. I passed out. I awoke to a strange man on top of me and he was inside me. This had to be a nightmare! I screamed and kicked to try and get him off me but he just held my wrists against the bed and kept going. I was terrified he would come inside me and I continued to yell and scream. The s creams woke my girlfriend and together we finally got this animal to

Signal Transduction Essay Example

Signal Transduction Essay Cells are not only the â€Å"smallest units of life† but they also depict â€Å"the best machineries in the world†. Cells not only work exceptionally well within their own systems but coordinate efficiently with other cells in order to ensure their survival. Reactivity, which refers to the living thing’s ability to respond to signals from the environment; enables the organism to react to various stimuli, either behaviorally or physiologically (The Characteristics of Life). Signals come in various forms such as changes in temperature, illumination, pressure and even intercellular chemical concentration. Other signals which take subtler forms are those which signal either cell division or cell differentiation. Protective responses are also carried out by most cells whenever foreign substances intrude the organism’s body. Such feats are only possible through signaling systems which are either intracellular or intercellular (The Cell Signaling Test) and are ge nerally referred to as signal transduction pathways.Signal transduction figures in information metabolism. Information metabolism refers to the cell’s reception, processing and consequent response to information from the environment (Signal Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism). At the cellular level, signal transduction refers to the movement of signals from the outside to the inside of the cell. The process through which signal transduction occurs varies depending upon the nature of chemicals and their associated receptors. Signal movement can be as simple as those which involve the receptor molecules of the acetylcholine class or can be as complex as those which involve combinations of ligand – receptor interactions and several intracellular events. In the case of simple signal transduction, signals pass in or out of the cell through receptors which are mainly composed of channels. The process is effected out by ligand interaction through the form of small ion movements. These ion movements in turn result to changes in the cell’s electrical potential and consequently, to the propagation of the said signal along the cell (Mechanisms of Signal Transduction). Complex signal transduction, as mentioned before, does not only involve ligand interactions but also several intracellular events. These events include phosphorylations induced by the enzymes tyrosine kinases and/or serine/threonine kinases. Protein phosphorylations are specifically helpful in understanding the process of gene expression since they influence, to a large extent, enzymatic activities and protein conformations (Mechanisms of Signal Transduction).Pathways of signal transduction could therefore be depicted as molecular circuits. A pathway typically begins with the transfer of information from the environment towards the cell’s internal system. Nonpolar molecules (steroid hormones such as estrogen) could easily penetrate the cell membrane and could therefore, enter the cell. Once inside the cell, these molecules bind to proteins and interact with the cell’s DNA. The consequence of this interaction is that the molecules’ directly influence gene transcription. Other molecules, such as those which are too large or too polar, are not able to pass through the cell’s membrane. The information that these molecules carry must then be transmitted to the cell’s interior through another means. Such means is accomplished through the action of a membrane – associated receptor protein. A receptor of such type has often two domains: an extracellular and an intracellular domain. The former contains a binding site to which a ligand or a signal molecule is recognized. The interaction between the receptor and ligand consequently alters the receptor’s tertiary or quaternary structure as well its intracellular domain. Though such structural changes have been effected, the small number of receptor molecules in the cell membrane limits, or to a certain extent, hinders the yielding of an appropriate response. Ligands or primary messengers therefore, carry information which is transduced into forms which can either modify or influence the cell’s biochemistry.Second messengers comprise the next step in the transduction pathway. These messengers relay information from the receptor – ligand complex through changes in their concentration. Changes in concentration amplify the signal’s effect and influence, to a large extent, intracellular signal and response.   Protein phosphorylation is another means of information transfer. Responses are elicited by the activation of enzymes such as protein kinases. These enzymes transfer phosphoryl groups from ATP to certain protein residues such as serine, tyrosine and threonine through the process of phosphorylation. cAMP-dependent protein kinase as well as other protein kinases are links that transduce changes in the fre e second messenger concentration into alterations in protein covalent structures. These changes are less transient compared to secondary – messenger concentrations but the results of such process are reversible (Signal Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism).Once the signal has been initiated and has been transduced to affect other cellular processes, it is equally important that the signal is terminated effectively. Signal termination is mostly carried out by the action of protein phosphatases. Whereas protein kinases are responsible for phosphorylation (Signal Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism), protein phosphatases are responsible for dephosphorylation (Protein Phosphatases).   Dephosphorylation refers to the removal of a phosphate group (Dephosphorylation). The importance of this phase in the signal transduction pathway is clearly manifested when the process goes awry. If the effects of a previous signal are sti ll in effect, the cell could not respond to new and incoming signals. Cancers and uncontrolled cell growth are often the offshoot of the failure in this phase of the pathway (Signal Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism).

Essay on The Harvest (La Cosecha)

Essay on The Harvest (La Cosecha) Essay on The Harvest (La Cosecha) Essay on The Harvest (La Cosecha)The problem of the use of the child labor is one of the major challenges illegal immigrant children confront in the US. At this point, it is possible to refer to The Harvest the documentary that uncovers hardships and difficulties of illegal immigrant children, who have to work for 14 hours per day and remain virtually deprived of childhood because they spend their childhood at work.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this regard, the target population affected by the problem is children of illegal immigrants, who move to the US in search of better life. However, being in a desperate economic position, children have to start working at the early age to earn for living. In this regard, the US government has to introduce policies that would protect the right of children from violation. In other words, the government has to prevent the use of the child labor in the US, even if children are illegal immigrants.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The implementation of the new policy should focus on the elaboration of strict legal norms that ban the use of child labor in any form. To implement these laws, the US government should enhance control over employers and introduce the law within a month from the implementation. The signed law will be implemented after the establishment of the regulatory and monitoring body, which may be a federal immigration service department responsible for the child labor prevention.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, the implementation of the new law is essential to protect child labor. The protection of the child labor should be conducted by law enforcement agencies and social workers, who control the implementation of new legal norms.

Why has Richard Wagner been a controversial composer even today Essays

Why has Richard Wagner been a controversial composer even today Essays Why has Richard Wagner been a controversial composer even today Essay Why has Richard Wagner been a controversial composer even today Essay in which the orchestra was no longer a simple accompaniment to the singers, but an integral part of the action. Wagner made the music continuous, unlike the previous tendency to make an opera as a collection of separate arias and ensembles which could be performed separately . He used a complex system of what are called Leitmotifs, or melodic ideas which stand for characters , things or ideas in the drama. With Wagner, harmonies became more complex than ever before, and his revolutionary use of this element influenced composers everywhere, and led to the music of the 20th century. As I already mentioned, Wagner is the most controversial composer of 19th century. He divides people as no other composer did it before. A lot of people and musical critics find his work magnificent, but there are a lot of others who cant stand his music, because of his ideas, mostly political opinions in the real life. Even a century ago, many critics and composers thought his music was awful noise, with the most cacophonous harmonies, but others recognized its greatness. Wagners operas, writings, his politics, beliefs and unorthodox lifestyle made him a controversial figure during his lifetime. The debate about his ideas and their interpretation, particularly in Germany during the 20th century, continued to make him politically and socially controversial in a way that other great composers are not. The biggest issue is generated by Wagners comments on Jews, which continue to influence the way that his works are regarded, and by the essays he wrote on the nature of race from 1850 onwards, and their putative influence on the anti-Semitism of Adolf Hitler. In some of his essays, Wagner attacks Jewish contemporaries, especially Felix Mendelssohn, and accused Jews of being a harmful and alien element in German culture. Wagner stated the German people were repelled by their alien appearance and behavior. He argued that because Jews had no connection to the German spirit, Jewish musicians were only capable of producing shallow and artificial music. They therefore composed music to achieve popularity and, thereby, financial success, as opposed to creating genuine works of art. Thats why, Wagner was the Hitlers favorite composer and he made his name a symbol of the Nazis. As a result of his infatuation, Hitler adopted many parts of Wagners thought and used this as propaganda that would influence World War II. As a result Wagners operas cannot be found in the modern state of Israel although his works have been broadcasted on government-owned TV and radio. To this day, those who attempt staging public performances are halted by protests, including protests from Holocaust survivors. As a great example, I have watched, the great from the filmmaking point of view, Triumph of the Will the most dramatic ever made propaganda film by Leni Riefenstahl, which chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. The film opens with shots of the clouds above the city, and then moves through the clouds to float above the assembling masses below, with the intention of portraying beauty and majesty of the scene. The shadow of Hitlers plane is visible as it passes over the tiny figures marching below, accompanied by music from Richard Wagners Die Meistersinger von Ni rnberg, which slowly turns into the Horst-Wessel-Lied. Among Wagners ideas was that the opera be an uninterrupted melody, also emphasizing drama as a focal point. To Wagner, the opera was the ultimate blend of all the arts. Spending many years in exile, he went for long periods without hearing the performance of his own works. It is exceedingly difficult for us of the present generation to do justice to Wagner, or to arrive at any final and impartial conclusions concerning the permanent value of his gigantic achievement. As a conclusion, today Wagner is no longer a symbol of Nationalism and Nazism, as he was at the beginning of the controversy. Like Lili Eylon in her essay Wagner Controversy says: The question is not whether Wagners music is of high or low quality, nor is the argument about how deep-seated was his anti-Semitism really relevant. There is no doubt that there have been other composers who were no less anti-Semitic. While it cannot be maintained that Wagner was directly responsible for German National Socialism, there is no doubt that he was a powerful symbol in the Nazi era, and his music held a singular importance in the Nazi psyche. For those who survived the Holocaust, Wagners music is terrible reminder of the horror those people have gone through. For them music must be separated from the politics, but unfortunately Wagner was the composer, who actually merged them together and became the composer of music and race.

24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your Inspiration

24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your Inspiration You’re getting ready to plan your next campaign. You sit down to plot it out and wait for the spark of inspiration to hit you. Except it never comes. You’re drawing a blank and nothing you’re coming up with is striking the right chord. The truth is you’re just out of creative juice. We’ve all been there. This post and it’s downloadable social media campaign planning kit are going to break you out of your creative rut. Inside you’ll find 24 creative social media campaigns across a variety of social networks, industries, and business sizes. You’ll be able to see the different campaign types and see how you can replicate the success of other brands. 24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your InspirationDownload Your Social Media Campaign Planning Kit Get inspired with this post. Then, execute your own campaigns easier with these templates, including: A campaign plan template that will allow you to lay out the entire plan for each of your social media campaigns. A campaign content template to write and store every message you plan to send. A social media calendar template  to record the dates you are going to publish your message on. All of which will make it easy for you and your social media team to make the most of your efforts, and eliminate the stress of planning and execution. Get inspired with 24 creative social media campaign examples (and three free templates to turn your...... Or Execute Your Own Social Campaigns With Ready to move on from templates? Plan, execute, and measure your social media marketing with . Using Social Campaigns, you can schedule entire campaigns across multiple networks in one place.Try it yourself free for 14 days, or schedule a demo and let our experts show you the ropes. Recommended Reading: How to Crush Social Media Campaign Planning Here Are The 24 Social Media Campaigns From Top Brands We'll Analyze The following is a list of 24 different brands we've featured. Jump to Brand: Wix Airbnb Blendtec State Bicycle Co Make-A-Wish Qdoba Deadpool Purdue Tweet Bra Eggo McDonald’s Charmin Sevenly RYU Disney Nintendo Anthropologie Applebees Honda TOKSTOK Kotex Krystons Honey Bunches of Oats Urban Decay Apple 24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your Inspiration You’re getting ready to plan your next campaign. You sit down to plot it out and wait for the spark of inspiration to hit you. Except it never comes. You’re drawing a blank and nothing you’re coming up with is striking the right chord. The truth is you’re just out of creative juice. We’ve all been there. This post and it’s downloadable social media campaign planning kit are going to break you out of your creative rut. Inside you’ll find 24 creative social media campaigns across a variety of social networks, industries, and business sizes. You’ll be able to see the different campaign types and see how you can replicate the success of other brands. 24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your InspirationDownload Your Social Media Campaign Planning Kit Get inspired with this post. Then, execute your own campaigns easier with these templates, including: A campaign plan template that will allow you to lay out the entire plan for each of your social media campaigns. A campaign content template to write and store every message you plan to send. A social media calendar template  to record the dates you are going to publish your message on. All of which will make it easy for you and your social media team to make the most of your efforts, and eliminate the stress of planning and execution.Get inspired with 24 creative social media campaign examples (and three free templates to turn your...... Or Execute Your Own Social Campaigns With Ready to move on from templates? Plan, execute, and measure your social media marketing with . Using Social Campaigns, you can schedule entire campaigns across multiple networks in one place.Try it yourself free for 14 days, or schedule a demo and let our experts show you the ropes. Recommended Reading: How to Crush Social Media Campaign Planning Here Are The 24 Social Media Campaigns From Top Brands We'll Analyze The following is a list of 24 different brands we've featured. Jump to Brand: Wix Airbnb Blendtec State Bicycle Co Make-A-Wish Qdoba Deadpool Purdue Tweet Bra Eggo McDonald’s Charmin Sevenly RYU Disney Nintendo Anthropologie Applebees Honda TOKSTOK Kotex Krystons Honey Bunches of Oats Urban Decay Apple

Eusebius - History of the First Church Term Paper

Eusebius - History of the First Church - Term Paper Example Nothing is known of the parents of Eusebius, though, it is clear from his works that he must have received an extensive education in philosophy, biblical and theological sciences. He was greatly admired and cherished as a man and regarded as one who was very influential over his colleagues. At one time he was Presbyter of the Church, though it is difficult to narrow down an exact date for this. Eusebius was born C. 260 and lived through May of 339. He was baptized and ordained at Caesarea where Pamphilus gave him the name ‘Eusebius Pamphili’, meaning â€Å"son or servant of Pamphilus† (Eusebius Of Caesarea). It is possible that Eusebius was imprisoned for some time by Roman authorities as he was taunted years later for having escaped through some acts of submission though this is verified. He began to write the Ecclesiastical History during the Roman prosecutions and it was revised several times between 312 and 324. He described this work as a full and complete documented history of the Christian Church in which he used many paraphrasing and quotes from outside sources. This allowed earlier portions of work to be preserved which adds significant historical value. Eusebius’ role in the doctrinal debates and disputes within the Catholic Church during the fourth century included issues regarding the nature of Jesus Christ, enquiring as to the possibility that he had always existed in some form prior to human. Eusebius knew nothing of the Western Church and his strength was not in being a historian. Eusebius became the Bishop of Caesarea in 313 and in 318 became involved in controversy stemming from the views of a Priest from Alexander who taught subordination of the son to the father, and Eusebius, accordingly, soon became a leading supporter of Arius. Eusebius’ style was one that â€Å"weaved short entries into a broader scheme† (Ferguson), though some considered

Contraception Mandate in ACA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contraception Mandate in ACA - Essay Example The policy takes the form of strict guidelines to be observed in relation to the preventive health services that are to be covered mandatorily in the health insurance schemes, while providing the fines for those who fail to adhere to the policy (Friedman, 2014). The major conflict in this policy issue is that; there is a possibility of unending court battles between the federal government and the faith based institutions, which will not relent on their fight against the requirement to cover for the contraceptive and unintended pregnancy prevention or termination costs (Bassett, 2013). Further, there is a possibility of the rise of conflict between the federal government and other employers, who may not easily agree to cover the expenses that some employers, such as the faith-based institutions, are exempted (Tate, 2012). The structures and strategies I seek to explore is how a truce can be reached between the federal government and the employers, to ensure that all the employees are equally covered for all preventive health risks, while also ensuring that the faith-based doctrines and the religious principles held by different religions are not violated. Thus, the study will seek to establish what structures can be applied towards ensuring that the law stipulated is observed, while that the institutions that seek to be exempted are exempted. The personal interest in his issue emanates from the fact that I fall in both the employee category so would want to be afforded the equal health services, while still being a faith-based individual, and thus would like to see the religious principles remain un-violated. Bassett, L. (April 5, 2013). Contraception Mandate Likely Headed To Supreme Court, Experts Say. The Huffington Post.

The case study will be send by file .pdf Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The will be send by file .pdf - Case Study Example Offering the employees with low food cost menu which are also known as â€Å"freebies† during their shifts can help to deter these employees from eating higher food cost items. Not using Consistent Portion Control- For keeping the business profitable, portions should be controlled with, consistent storage sizes, calibrated food scales and correct sized serving utensils Wasting Food- Utilizing maximum quantity of food can help to decrease food cost percentage. For example beef trimmings from the tenderloins can be purposefully used into satay beef tips, which can be sold as moderate entry special. Buying Food for Home- Using food from the kitchen restaurant instead from the grocery store on a regular basis will skew food costs and profits. Bulk pricing helps to use food for a personal use and also pay it back. Poor Staff Education- employees who burn food, does not practice portion control or rotating food according to first in first out basis will definitely increase the food cost percentage. Poor Bookkeeping- food suppliers often make mistakes on invoice like charging double of the amount , not reflecting the payments made or delivering the food that is listed on invoice. Weekly food orders should be checked to ensure all of it is accounted for and also matches the invoice. Copies of all the payments made and invoices should be properly stored in case of any disputes. Using only one Food Vendor- Prices offered by different vendors should be compared and asked for a match. 2. Do you think that the beverage cost percentage might be rising or falling? Why? The beverage cost percentage will rise because it is directly proportional to the cost percentage of food which is also rising. 3. What issues might Jack be discovering with the inventory levels in the central stores and Preparation kitchen stores? Inventory control is an important way to ensure that the appropriate products are available when required and to control cost. Two types of inventory methods are required: Perpetual inventory- It is a continuous record of the purchases and deliveries and issues of food supply. A system involving the use of computer program needs to be in place to ensure that a perpetual inventory is maintained. Physical inventory- It is an actual physical count of the product in hand that is done on a periodic basis usually monthly. Physical inventory helps to verify perpetual inventory. Someone else who maintains the perpetual inventory does not maintain the physical inventory. Jack might have faced the following problem with the inventory levels in the central stores and preparation kitchen stores: Central stores do not compare the changes in the beginning and ending inventory to net purchases, issues and write offs because the inventory management system is not programmed to generate reliable reports of the total purchases from the vendors. The systems also do not generate any report of the total issues to the departments which needs to be reconciled with the ending inventory. There is also no evidence of the fact that the comptrollers has verified that the accounting records match with the annual purchases and issues because summary of the general ledger reports that account for storeroom inventory issues are not generated by the accounting system. The ending inventory also do not account for the city wide purchase order. The accounting syste

Standard, Ethics and Copyright Investigation Essay

Standard, Ethics and Copyright Investigation - Essay Example The ISTE defined standards seem totally aligned with this old saying. According to the standards, the teachers are expected to use their subject knowledge to inspire the students for learning. Their task is to inculcate critical thinking in their students in order to make them observe, understand and solve real world problems. The teachers should work as facilitators and should guide the students throughout as supervisors, mentors or learning participant. The assessment is an integral part of learning. The results always encourage good students to move forward and keep up their pace. To assess the student correctly in a qualitative manner is the most difficult task for a teacher. The ISTE expects a teacher to get engaged in the Designing of Assessment procedure using the tools of digital age. The teachers are not only expected to deliver to the students but they are also expected to continuously engage in self improvement. Administrators are expected to create and support an environm ent and culture that supports digital learning. Ning is a social network for the promotion of Digital Learning. It provides the ISTE members mean to get connected for the cause and to share the knowledge round the year. Topic Two: NETS-S (National Educational Technology Standards for Students) Students are the main product of ISTE. They are expected to exhibit innovative and critical thinking, to show team work, to use the digital media effectively for learning, and to demonstrate the conceptual knowledge of the technology. NETS.T comprises of the standards of teaching that are expected to be complied by the teachers under ISTE. Topic Three: Ohio Technology Standards According to the Seven Standards The teachers are expected to understand the learning capacity of students and the difference of caliber must be considered positively. Teachers are expected to have a complete grip on the subject they are responsible to teach. Teachers must ensure that the students they are teaching are learning. this should be done through deploying the assessment mechanisms. Lectures must be planned and effective. Teachers are expected to create and promote appealing learning environment. Teachers are expected to have good communication of students’ learning with the related entities like Administrators and Parents etc. Teacher must adhere to their own professional growth practices. These standards are not difficult to be followed. Both the standards that are ISTE and Ohio seem equally good. Ohio seems more organized. Topic Four: Ohio ETech Office and Programs Ohio ETech Conference is a massive conjecture of over 6500 technology innovators that gather once in a year. The year 2012’s conference is expected to be held from 13-15 Feb 2012. This conference is conducted in Ohio only once in a year. It is the opportunity for technology innovators and enthusiasts to present their ideas and innovations in front of their peers. E Tech offers a number of distant learning and other technology based and technology related courses. These include telecommunity and mathematics just to name a few. Local education agencies are the sources of money/grants for etech from Ohio teachers. Topic five: Ethics or Netiquette AUP acceptable Use Policy. AUP is like a code of conduct that has been set for students. It is a law constructed to guide students so as to enable them to be aware of what actions can they perform over the internet and what actions they cannot. It specifically consists of a definition, a policy statement, an acceptable use section, an unacceptable use section and a sanctions’ sections. As the names of its parts suggest it also contains the sanctions that can be promulgated if violations of its conducts occur. Online safety for students is concerned with the fact that they should not reveal

Realism cannot challenge the received wisdom of the public, since Essay

Realism cannot challenge the received wisdom of the public, since spectators see nothing but their own flickering ideologies in - Essay Example In everyday life, people tend to interpret the images they see as per their own understanding of them, that may or may not be rational. Irrespective of whatever the reality is, people see nothing more than their individualistic beliefs and ideologies in all what is displayed on the screen as rightly depicted by Robert Stam. This paper aims at analyzing this conception. Ideology influenced interpretation of images: Images are all around us. They include both images that are made by us and reflect our perception and others, which are made by others and are displayed commercially as art for us to perceive. Image, as the name indicates, is a representation of some other entity. Thus, images stand for other things so as to reflect their intrinsic traits, without them having to appear before the public. This is same as the concept of symbolization, which forms a fundamental part of intercommunication between two or more individuals. Symbols let us communicate with one another in our daily lives. Thus, we can exchange concepts and the idea of an individual protrudes in the minds of all members of the society, though its acknowledgement varies from individual to individual. Symbols or images represent humanistic ideologies in the virtual world and act like delegates. In daily language, the word â€Å"I† is used to symbolize the self of all the individuals that communicate with one another. Likewise, one individual’s body-image in a picture symbolizes that individual not only for others but also for his/her own self. Ideology lays basis for the way people understand the world in which they live and their perception of the ideal life in the world (Christensen). Ideology surfaces as a result of its link with the communicative processes. â€Å"Ideology involves the reproduction of the existing relations of production (those activities by which a society guarantees its own survival)† (Ideology And The Image). Ideology serves as a restriction that tends to control people and limit them to specific places within the exchange and communicative processes. Ideology gains its definition from the way the collection of social relations is exchanged among the individuals. A society portrays its impression upon the whole world through the ideologies. Societies get acknowledged in the world through their images that are influenced by the underlying ideologies. The way ideologies represent us in the social circle limit our actions and behaviors. People’s actions have to necessarily comply with their ideologies so that there remains a consistency of views and impressions, and they are dealt with by the society accordingly. Ideologies limit the movement of people within certain limits both physically and mentally. Our social actions are depicted by the limited spaces that are defined by our ideologies to move in. Ideology allows people to form the basis of their beliefs and perceptions on them. We visualize images and interpret them as p er our own perception. The interconnection of image and ideology also lays basis for the relationship of consciousness and social existence. In the society that we live, every individual holds his/her own opinion that is significantly unique and different from the opinions of other people. This is evident from the large volume of debates on every subject that we happen to hear in our daily life. Every matter is so debatable that people do not easily approve legislation

Evaluating an Argument Essay Example for Free

Evaluating an Argument Essay In Gary Bauslaugh’s essay â€Å"Zero Tolerance†, there were five (5) arguments leading to the overall impact of the work. To begin with, Bauslaugh states, â€Å"The current trend for public officials to talk of â€Å"zero tolerance† has arisen because it seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. It seems to say ‘we are fed up and aren’t going to take it anymore. ’ It tells the world that our resolve, in the face of some problem, is absolute. † Second, he proceeds stating, â€Å"Unfortunately, unmitigated determination, as suggested by the idea of zero tolerance, can be real threat to justice. It is too vulnerable to abuse. It can be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and undiscriminating application of rules. Zero tolerance expresses a demand for immediate results. † Third, Bauslaugh stated, â€Å"Justice is complex and elusive; it requires insight and the delicate balancing of interests and principles; it is achieved only through thoughtful and fair processes. † Fourth, he stated, â€Å"Many thousands of Americans, mostly young people, are sitting in jails because of the zero tolerance policy in the so-called war on drugs. Most of these are not real criminals or hard-core drug users. Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive care if they are to have hope of being cured. The brutality of prison sentences will not help any of them, nor will it help make a better society for the rest of us. † And lastly, Bauslaugh stated, â€Å"Zero tolerance is not about protecting the public. It is about making politicians sound tough and it is about helping bureaucrats avoid difficult decisions. It is, indeed, a really bad idea, and we should no longer be fooled by it. † In analyzing the arguments stated above their standard forms come about as follows: Argument number 1: 1. The current trend for public officials to talk of â€Å"zero tolerance† has arisen 2. It seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. 3. It seems to say ‘we are fed up and aren’t going to take it anymore. ’ Therefore, it tells the world that the public officials’ resolve is absolute whenever faced with some problem Argument number 2: 1. Unmitigated determination is too vulnerable to abuse. 2. It can be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and undiscriminating application of rules. 3. Zero tolerance expresses a demand for immediate results. Therefore, unmitigated determination can be real threat to justice as suggested by the idea of zero tolerance. Argument number 3: 1. Justice requires insight and the delicate balancing of interests and principles. 2. It is achieved only through thoughtful and fair processes. Therefore, justice is complex and elusive. Argument number 4: 1. Many thousands of Americans, mostly young people, are sitting in jails because of the zero tolerance policy in the so-called war on drugs. 2. Most of these are not real criminals or hard-core drug users. 3. Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive care if they are to have hope of being cured. Therefore, the brutality of prison sentences will not help any of them, nor will it help make a better society for the rest of us. Argument number 5: 1. Zero tolerance is not about protecting the public. 2. It is about making politicians sound tough. 3. Iit is about helping bureaucrats avoid difficult decisions. Therefore, it is a really bad idea and we should no longer be fooled by it. (3) Evaluate the argument using Govier’s ARG In the first argument, the condition A does not pass for the first statement cannot be proven true with its present words alone. It is considered as a posteriori synthetic as the subject of the statement which is â€Å"trend† cannot be clearly defined by â€Å"arisen† alone. How can one prove that there is really a trend of â€Å"zero tolerance† among public officials? There must either be a testimony from the officials themselves or even a statement mentioning/hinting it as a common knowledge. Both the second and the third statement, however, passes as true as these are both a priori analytic proven by the defining zero tolerance to be â€Å"an expression of public frustration with the lack of justice in the world† and â€Å"a statement saying ‘ we are fed up ad aren’t going to take it anymore. ’† The R condition, on the other hand passes. Statements one to three have all the essential evidence to support G. Bauslaugh first introduces â€Å"zero tolerance† in the first statement, and then defines it with the succeeding two premises. These support how the public officials display an absolute resolve whenever faced with a problem. The G condition has failed in a minor scale for the statement could’ve been concluded in a better way. The author could’ve stated, â€Å"It tells the world whenever the public officials are faced with some problem their resolution is absolute. † The confusion of who the â€Å"our† were in the statement is cleared out. In the second argument, condition A passes for the premises have been proven true. The first statement is classified as a posteriori analytic and is proven true by â€Å"common knowledge†. Unmitigated or absolute determination as far as everybody knows is vulnerable to abuse. Concentrating that power like that will eventually corrupt the person and he/she may use it for personal will. The second statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by the â€Å"law of excluded middle†. The statement is neither true nor is it false. That makes it viable to pass for condition A. On the other hand, the third statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by â€Å"the law of identity†. â€Å"Zero tolerance† was defined as â€Å"something which demands immediate results†. Surely, a man without patience acts on whim to get the job done. All the while, the R condition fails for the evidences lack strength in supporting the conclusion. The first statement does not relate to the other two and clearly it cannot support the conclusion on its own. The following two statements on the other hand are linked but cannot provide the support for the current conclusion form. Subsequently, the G condition fails as well for the R failed. It wasn’t supported well enough by the premises. The third argument passes all the ARG condition. The first statement is proven true by the logic’s â€Å"law of identity† while the second statement is proven by â€Å"common knowledge†. It is known to people that justice can truly be achieved by the fairness of the court and justice is defined as balancing the interests and principles. Both statements are harmonized to give support to the conclusion; thus fulfilling the R condition and the G condition. Due to the variety of qualities needed to implement justice, it is proven to be complex and vague. In the fourth argument, the condition A fails in a great scale. All of the statements are a posteriori synthetic and can be proven only by testimony by the authority. The R condition passes if they are seen as a whole. Individually, they cannot support the conclusion. The inductive pattern contributes greatly into the developing the strong conclusion. The G condition passes as well. The R condition was structured well and has provided sufficient evidence to highlight the conclusion. In the last argument,the A condition passes for all the statements are proven by logic, more specifically the â€Å"law of excluded middle†. They are not considered true or false. Such premises are derived only from the author’s essay and do not have testimony from authority nor are they considered as common knowledge. Regardless, they are also speculated and are not proven to be fallacies. The R condition passes for the statements are constructed greatly. It pointed out how the zero tolerance is harmful to people then to about how this â€Å"makes politicians sound tough† and hoe they can use this to â€Å"avoid difficult decisions†. Truly, a magnificent inductive reasoning. The G condition passes on a minor note but it could’ve been constructed in a more precise way. It could go like, â€Å"Zero tolerance, with all the injustices laid down, truly is bad for us. We must avoid it! †

Proactive Network Defence Techniques in Security Attacks

Proactive Network Defence Techniques in Security Attacks 1. Introduction Network Security in the twenty-first century is one of the critical aspects for the effective management and protection of the enterprise data alongside its sustained operations (Stallings, 2007[1]). This is naturally because of the fact that the threat for network security has increased from passive attacks to active breach of the security through exploiting the vulnerabilities of the network and its set-up as argued by McClure et al, 2007[2]. This makes it clear that apart from the traditional security measures in and organization, it is essential to launch a pro-active approach to identify and prevent attacks on the network. In this report a critical review on the application of proactive network defence techniques to help identify and prevent security attacks to enable network defence is presented to the reader. 2. What is Proactive Network Defence? The proactive network defence strategy as opposed to the traditional network security differs mainly in its application within a given network. This is because of the fact that the proactive network defence strategy is predominantly involved in the process of analysing incoming communication and data transfer within the organization’s network to identify patterns for virus attack or security breach outside the purview of the virus definitions that are normally handled by anti-virus software used. This makes it clear that the application of the pro-active network defence strategy in an organization mainly focused on identifying and preventing new virus patterns, Trojan programs, etc., as opposed to handling the existing virus definitions (Todd and Johnson, 2001[3]). Todd and Johnson (2001) further argues that the network attacks by hackers and other unauthorised users is mainly through exploiting the vulnerabilities in the existing set-up of a network and the programs used for communication etc., This makes it clear that the use of the proactive network defence strategy is a key requirement to assess the communication infrastructure and the protocols used on a regular basis to identify potential vulnerabilities through constant analysis in order to help prevent malicious attacks exploiting such vulnerabilities (McClure et al, 2007). Some of the key proactive network defence strategies are discussed with examples in the subsequent sections of this report. The application of proactive network defence can be accomplished through implementing a set of applications that are targeted to perform network data analysis and performance analysis on the network as well as the computers connected to the network. This strategy will help feed the network security definitions with potential threats to the network thus enabling the organization to update the network security policies by an organization. Another critical factor associated with the network security and proactive defence approach is the increasing need for sustainability over disaster recovery for uninterrupted operations of the core business processes. This makes it clear that the implementation of proactive network defence strategies through continuously monitoring the network traffic will help achieve the desired level of network defence against external attacks. The level of threats faced by a network varies with the extent to which its vulnerabilities are visible to the hackers and the nature of the information being handled. 3. Event Correlation This is deemed to be one of the key elements of proactive network defence as the events leading to the security attack like a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack when analysed online can help prevent the attack rather than repair the damage post-recovery of the attack (Hariri et al, 2005[4]). This process is mainly the ability to use the proactive network defence system to analyse the network data and the events handled by an application as part of the network communication in order to identify patterns of unusual nature that can affect the network defence as argued by Todd and Johnson (2001). One of the key areas where event correlation online is necessary would be the ICMP attacks and the DoS attacks mentioned above. In these cases the major vulnerability of the network is the ability of the attacker to exploit the basic nature of the protocol architecture and logical conditions that lead to the handshake and subsequent communication between the parties involved. The spoofing and flooding attacks that exploit the network layer protocol communication vulnerabilities associated with the handshake process. The sequence of events that lead to the successful attack are mainly associated with the network switch or the hub failing to recognise the malicious user in the handshake process resulting in the transfer of data to the unauthorised user. The events correlation at the network level on the hub will help analyse the series of events in the handshake process raised by the unauthorised user just by identifying the level of communication ports dedicated to the channel for communication thus helping prevent such an attack at the network level. Apart from the case of spoofing and flooding at the network layer protocol attacks, the process of event correlation is one of the critical components of proactive network defence owing to the fact that the communication vulnerabilities is evident at all the communication layers of the TCP/IP model as well as the applications using them for communication as argued by Conway (2004) (2004)[5]. This is naturally because of the fact that the event correlation is one of the major elements that help identify new Trojan programs that have infiltrated the firewall. Once the events are recorded, a correlation either linear or non-linear would help identify potential threats to the network by identifying Vulnerabilities in the network The programs that have exploited such vulnerabilities The events leading to the threat Upon identifying the above, a network administrator can successfully prevent the attack by updating the security policies and virus definitions of the network’s anti-virus program. Another example for the case above will be the Pine e-mail program in UNIX and Linux Machines that generated temporary file a user was editing an e-mail message (Howard and Whittaker, 2005[6]). The event correlation process can help identify the sequence of events associated with the access of the temporary files by unauthorised users. The above example also justifies that the communication level security vulnerability is not the only issue but also the actual software application that is utilising the communication protocol (Conway, 2004). 4. Real-time Analysis and Event logging The process of real-time analysis is deemed to be one of the key aspects of proactive network defence. This is necessary because both the software application vulnerability and the network vulnerability. The real-time analysis as argued by Hariri et al (2005) is mainly performed as a listener service that is dedicated to capture the events as they occur whilst analysing them against the logged events from either a database-based application or the event logs that are generated by the operating system. This is the process that can help control the network attacks as the comparison with the historic events is one of the key aspects associated with identifying planned attacks on a network as argued by Hariri et al (2005). The use of the real-time analysis of the events along with using the existing set of events is indeed a memory rich and processor demanding process. Hence the implementation of this procedure across a wide network would require effective configuration of the available resources in order to optimize the network performance for running the enterprise applications. The implementation of the real-time analysis strategy as part of the proactive network defence is deemed to be an advanced level of security implementation purely due to the fact that the resources consumed and the nature of the requirement to prevent the slightest attack on the network. This makes it clear that the real-time analysis with correlation to the archive events in either the event logs or database is not an option for small and medium enterprises whilst the real-time analysis in itself is a powerful tool that can help fend the network attacks effectively in a proactive manner. One of the major areas where the real-time analysis is applicable is the case of spyware (Luo, 2006[7]). The case of spyware is predominantly dependant on the ability to mask the events and listen into the target computer/network without the knowledge of the user. The use of the real-time analysis of the events will help identify patterns that can be assessed in order to identify potential spyware that are running in the computer. The use of real-time analysis as part of the proactive network defence will also help identify critical issues associated with the network performance as the primary aim of attackers is the de-stabilise the network. The use of the real-time analysis to review the network performance will help prevent the infiltration of hackers through the use of listeners programs on the transport layer and network layer protocols either through opening an additional communication port or through flooding the communication ports with malicious handshake requests. Attacks like Tiny Fragment Attack which is targeted on the TCP protocol through exploiting the filtering rules of the protocol algorithm can be identified effectively using the real-time analysis. The use of appropriate conditions on identifying the filtering rules’ manipulation in the real-time analysis will help achieve the desired level of network defence whilst preventing the exploitation of the TCP protocol rules. Spyware related attacks that threaten the corporate environment heavily as argued by Lou (2006) can be identified and prevented effectively using the proactive network defence strategies. The real-time analysis strategy of proactive network defence will help accomplish the desired level of network defence whilst continuously analysing the data transferred across the network. 5. Access Control and Network Immunity The use of the access control and network immunity in a network defence strategy is one of the major areas where the network security can be maintained whilst preventing the unauthorised access to the network/network resources as argued by Hariri et al (2005). The proactive network defence strategy in an organization though event correlation and real-time analysis can be achieved effectively through enabling a robust access control policy across the network as argued by Conway (2004). This owing to the fact that the code hacking targeted on the TLS and SET protocols of the TCP/IOP protocol stack can be identified through analysis through the effective use of the access control policies as argued by Conway (2004). This is plausible by integrating the real-time analysis with the access control policies of the network thus providing the ability to handle exceptions and violations to the network access for a given user registered with the network. It is further critical to appreciate the fact that the major vulnerability within a network is the access control which when not implemented effectively will provide room for the registered users to exploit their network access rights. Role-Based Access control that is deemed to be a logical and proactive measure to prevent the malicious access to the information whilst enabling robust access control policy is one of the strategies that can help achieve proactive network defence. The combined use of the real-time analysis and the Role-Based Access Control methodology will help accomplish proactive network defence against external as well as internal attacks on the network. Application penetration as argued by Howard and Whittaker (2005) is one of the major areas where the network immunity strategy can help achieve proactive network defence against malicious attacks on the network. As the inherent weaknesses of the application when identified by the hacker to use for his/her benefit will result in the network being attacked from the core through the application, it is necessary to implement strategies like the aforementioned in order to enable reliable network security. This process is also evident in the case of throughput-based attacks on the communication protocols like the Blind-Throughput reduction attack which can be used by the attacker to reduce the amount of data transferred on purpose when using ICMP protocols. The use of the network immunity through real-time analysis and the use of access control strategies will help draft a better appreciation of the issue faced by the network and the cause for the performance reduction. This when identifie d can be integrated to the existing security policies of the network in order to prevent abuse of the vulnerabilities within the network. The case of through reduction attacks also accompany the threat of forcing the server computer to re-send the same message multiple times with reduction in the packet size owing to the inability of the destination to receive the packet. This strategy popularly known as the performance degradation attack by the hackers can have serious impact on the server performance due to the lack of the server to cater for more number of users can be identified through the use of proactive network defence strategies like real-time analysis and network immunity to ensure that the performance of the network as well as the computers connected to the network are not affected. The use of event correlation and real-time analysis strategies will help identify the critical issues associated with the communication port related attacks on server computers like the TCP port 80 attacks can be identified and prevented effectively. As the port 80 is one of the key communication ports for TCP protocol in external communication, the exploitation of this vulnerability will affect the overall performance of the server computer being attacked thus resulting in performance degradation. The use of the proactive monitoring methods for network defence can help overcome these issues by identifying patterns through running correlation (linear or non-linear) to prevent new attacks targeted on such communication ports. The HTTP protocol which is a critical element in the Web-based applications for electronic commerce is another key application layer protocol that is targeted by hackers on specific communication ports of the computers involved in the communication. 6. Applied Proactive Network Defence and Protocol Attacks’ countermeasures The countermeasures for protocol attacks specific to the vulnerability in each network communication protocols used for communication over the Internet are mainly reactive in nature. This is because of the fact that the countermeasures Port Randomization for Blind Connection Reset Attack etc., were set in place following an attack but not prevented through assessing the network communication architecture beforehand. In case of the use of the proactive network defence strategy, the key advantage is to use specific software algorithms to assess the existing network and perform a vulnerability check in order to identify the key areas where there will be potential external attacks. This approach will help prevent new attacks through enabling new virus definitions that handle exceptions raised through these attacks. The applied proactive network defence strategy is deemed to be a continuously evolving strategy that can help identify and handle vulnerabilities in the network as well as the applications used in the network. This makes it clear that the effective use of the applied proactive network defence strategies will help realize the desired network security at an on-going basis as opposed to the traditional countermeasures approach which is mainly reactive in nature. 7. Conclusion From the discussion presented above it is clear that the proactive network defence when applied across a given enterprise network will help achieve a dynamic network security management. However, the key element that must be appreciated is the fact that the network security must be enabled for the existing security threats using the security definitions and policies defined by the organization alongside the commercial software used for the network security. The continuous update of the virus definitions alongside the firewall configuration and security updates from the security software vendor is critical for the network security. The major advantage of the use of the proactive network defence strategy is the ability to identify patterns that may have been missed by the definitions from the security software vendor. The configuration of proactive network defence system to the security requirements specific to the organization’s network will help implement a layer of security o ver the otherwise reactive network security strategy. It is also critical to appreciate that the proactive network defence in an organization will help address not only the security related aspects of the network but provide a comprehensive support strategy by analysing the performance of the network and the server/nodes comprising the network. The applied proactive network defence strategy is thus a layer of security that can help effectively use the security software and network resources in an integrated fashion. Footnotes [1] Stallings, W. (2007), Cryptography and Network Security: 4th Edition, Prentice Hall [2] McClure, S.; Kurtz, G.; and Scambray, J. (2005), Hacking Exposed – 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill [3] Todd, C. and Johnson, N. L. (2001), Hack Proofing Windows 2000 Server Security, Syngress Publishing [4] Hariri, S.; Guangzhi Qu; Modukuri, R.; Huoping Chen and Yousif, M.; (2005), Quality-of-protection (QoP)-an online monitoring and self-protection mechanism, Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on Volume 23, Issue 10 [5] Conway, R. (2004), Code Hacking : A Developers Guide to Network Security, Charles River Media [6] Howard, M. and Whittaker, J. A. (2005), Application Penetration Testing, IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY, 1540-7993/05/$20.00 [7] Luo, X. (2006), A Holistic Approach for Managing Spyware, E D P A C S, VOL. XXXIII, NO. 11